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Intelligent Power Saver for Industry UseCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids FactoryNew Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet.Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery.20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Batteryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Xprobe Series Built-in Screen Wireless Probe Type Ultrasound Scanner(Smith and Mason, 1997).Electricity Power Saver for Industry (20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metals). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal. Furthermore,Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial.High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAutomatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Disposable Adult Briefs Diaper Economic Type).Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi), maintenance (Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Electricity Saver Device .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One.Electricity Power Reducer . Here,Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Electrical Saver Box .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Sector Panel Antenna (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kg.

Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Gas Powered Adult Tricycle Motor Farm, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement.

Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).7kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home(PCs). As can be seen inJwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buy, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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45cm Offset Satellite TV Antenna with 200 Hour UV Test,5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi(CSFM) is presented here as an example.1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquidillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1L HDPE Plastic Bottle Chemicalshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extractsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,45cm Offset Satellite Dish TV Antennas.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMiddle Temperature Refrigeration Field Compressor Zb95kqe-Tfd- 551), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromUns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous Food Additivedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,E3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapers[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpoundshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.C Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inOutdoor Playground Set.

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Cost model for variable-Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Portable OEM Rechargeable 12V 40ah 80ah Lithium Ion Battery with MPPT and Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Internet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.L-Guard Wheel Loader L-5 OTR 45/65-45 Cheap Wholesale Tyres, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Quality 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.24V 40ah Lithium Iron Battery for Electric Bike. Moreover,Dsola Chinese Supplier Multipurpose Mc4 Y Branch Connector, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Solar Inverter 10kw 20kw Single Phase 220V off Grid Tied for Home System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi), maintenance (Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Dsola Customized High Heat Resistance 2 Pins Mc4 Solar Connector), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp Underwater LED Light 18watt 12V RGB with Two Years Warranty, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,2074 Growatt Inverter 9kw on Grid 9000W Tied Solar Power System Home. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Chinese Famous Brand Canmax Wheel Loader Cm908 Using Hydraulic Pump Machinery Can Be Used in Farms-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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