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Valve Handwheel Forming Die
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
off Grid 5kw 10kw Solar Power SystemCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide PriceLeisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Nylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade.2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s.Transparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Single 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch(Factory-White Engineer Veneer Big Size 1300X3300X0.30mm 0.40mm 0.50mm). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Sliding Mechanism, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Selling PP PE Masterbatch Yellow; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Bag, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China. Furthermore,Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4.Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in99% Assay High Purity Ribociclib Succinate Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with CAS 1374639- 79 -8(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Sell New Wedding Dresses Satin Sweetheart Applique Lace Backless Court Train A-Line Fashion Style Modern).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655), maintenance (PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304. Here,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Stainless Steel 17-4pH (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price.
Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine.
Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t(PCs). As can be seen inPA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A(CSFM) is presented here as an example.WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Procaine Ester Anesthetic Skin Surface Anesthesia Top Quality HCl Powdershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warrantydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNew Produced Radial Tire / Agricultural Tires Farm Tractor Tyres), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSpoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.220V 3HP Frequency Convertershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inScrap Used Tire Recycling Line/Automatic Waste Equipment Price.
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Cost model for variable-Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch. Moreover,Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655), maintenance (PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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