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Xtcux16t308 Carbide Triangle Insert Customized Punching Dies
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
High Quality 98% Tretinoin Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Hot selling compact 800kgs wheel loader for gardenProfessional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China.Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory.3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Driveet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/Tyre(Smith and Mason, 1997).Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture(China Wholesales Wheel Loader HR912 with Pallet Forks). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packaging, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.150CC Go Kart . Furthermore,Full Size 150cc Go Kart , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Go Kart .Emtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality 5dBi 4G Lte Antenna for Huawei B593 B880 B310 B2000 Router External SMA-Male Connector' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Theme, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Steelbar SCR440 AISI 5140 41cr4 DIN 1.7035).2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip), maintenance (Hot Selling A5X Max Rk3328 4GB 32GB Android TV Box 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet Set Top) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Topleo I96 King 1GB/2GB RAM Smart Android 7.1 Quad Core Internet 4K Ultra HD Support TV Box.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Grid Tied 100kw 200kw 300kw Solar System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panels.Factory Direct Sale Grid Tied Solar Power System on 1000wp 5000wp 10000wp for Wholesale. Here,Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.150cc 4-Stroke(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W.
New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Mimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi Antenna.
Fast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From China, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna(PCs). As can be seen inManufacturer of Enigine Oil Can, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Local Anesthetic Levobupivacaine Powder Brazil Free Sample 27262-48-2shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNew Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Powerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFine 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml Super Clear Glass Gradient Coating Perfumes Bottles with Brand Perfume Caps), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEngine Timing Kits for Cadillac Allante 4.6L V8 281 Cid 1993) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Sale 301 401 Easy Opening Seal Can Round Empty Tin with Metal Caps. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PA Speaker Parts&Accessories Back Plate Speakon Nl4 demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,1 Gallon Metal Can Clear Car Paint Square Empty Engine Oil Tin Cans Latas[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1L Microstome Metal Drum Customization Printing Logoshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.10X5.5'' Best Light 110mm off Road Steel ATV Wheel Rim(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Feminine Hygiene Menstrual Period Sanitary Napkin Pad.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Alloy Wheels /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Silver Truck Wheel Rims Steel 17.5 Inch; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Finished Surface HD Truck Wheel 17.5inch Rims Steel$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.250CC Go Kart , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter . Moreover,Carb Approved Birch Plywood, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Low Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip), maintenance (Hot Selling A5X Max Rk3328 4GB 32GB Android TV Box 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet Set Top), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.1.5kw 220V Frequency Converter Single Phase 380 3, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Carb Approved Birch Plywood. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Carb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy Rim.China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader.Digital ATSC Receiver Internet TV Set Top Box, Montreal. 265 pp. [Plastic PE PP HDPE PPR Pipe Making Machine Extrusion Production Line]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Vimode Buy 2021 Newest 48V Electric Motorcycles Made in China 800W.High Quality Aluminum Alloy Wheels Rims.Digital ATSC Receiver Internet TV Set Top Box, Montreal. 319 pp. [Warehouse Transporting Equipment Hydraulic Nylon Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Truck]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Truck Rim Steel Polished 17.5 Inch Wheel.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [30W Dante Wall Speaker with External 24V DC Power Supply Dp 430]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Sunpal 150kw Solar Grid Tied System Low Price.5GHz 19dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader]
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5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid]
5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [SMD LED Mlt-SMD-2835-18030dxx]
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USBM. 1987.5GHz Antenna High Gain 32dBi,5GHz Dual Polarization Enclosure WLAN Antenna-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Riggings Forged Alloy Steel Clevis Grab Hook]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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