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UL Ce Epistar SMD2835 240LEDs/M RGBA Flexible LED Strip Light
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium BatteryCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale11kw 3 Phase Frequency Converter Solar Water Pump Power Inverter Controller; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City.Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 150HP.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HPet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200(Smith and Mason, 1997).Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HP(3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 60HP, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Frequency Converter 75HP Three Phases, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Sell for European Countries 48V 20ah Lithium Battery Fast Food Delivery Electric Motorcycle. Furthermore,CE Approved Everun Er408 Small Farming Cheap Mini Front End Compact Wheel Loader, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.Frequency Converter 50HP Three Phases(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Everun Brand China New Product Er408t Mini Bucket Wheel Loader Price with CE Approved for Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frame(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycle, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (European Modern Living Room Bedroom Restaurant Hotel Model Bubble Ball Glass Pendant Light).Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use), maintenance (Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Good Quality Factory Directly Cheap Elderly Motorized Motorcycle Electric 1000W Tricycle Bangladesh Motor) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Everun Brand Mini Front End Loader 0.8 Ton Wheel) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Zl08 800kg China Small Garden Tractor with Front Loader Yard.Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults. Here,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Bulk Fashion Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High Quality(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-off Grid 20kw Solar System 20 Kw Panel Kit) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adult. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Rosen 1kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market.
475 Alicosolar Good Quality 15kw on Grid Solar System 15000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for House Use, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (959 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
498 Alicosolar Good Price 25kw on Grid Solar System 25000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery.
955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn0.18mm Zebra Wooden Veneer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Europe Popular 5kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System with Ce(PCs). As can be seen in500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate,952 Alicosolar 30kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulfate Soa Fertilizer Sulphateillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Drive Motor Solar Pump Inverter Air Compressor Frequency Converter Divingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFull Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,32oz Metallic Glue Tin Can_1liter with Screw Cap and Brush.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSchool Uniform Girl Plastic Comic Cartoon Figure), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromScarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Dah Solar 100kw System Price on Grid Tied Inverter for Commercial Use. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipperdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Factory Pricing Empty Round Food Grade Nut Tin Cans[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Priceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Performance 6kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in8 Feet Spindleless Wood Log Veneer Rotary Peeling Lathe Machine.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Factory-Slicer Natural American Red Oak Veneer in 0.50mm; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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CE Er08 Mini Wheel Loader with One-Year Warranty for Sale$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Innopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cans, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult. Moreover,3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use), maintenance (Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paint), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Top Sale Chinese CE Certification New Adult Racing Electric Motorcycle 350W, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Factory Direct High Quality Glue Round Tin Cans with Brush.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [High Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork.Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket, Montreal. 265 pp. [Deltamethrin 2.5% EC Pesticide & Insecticides]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab.2HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter.Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket, Montreal. 319 pp. [He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Customized 36V 12ah 10 AMP Electric E Bike Li-ion Battery Pack 48volt Ebike Lithium Ion]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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