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Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160p3125qCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Metal Tin with Steel Handle for PaintMylar Custom Printing Barrier Exit Bag; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Innopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Manufacturer Wholesale Good Quality Empty 1lt Metal Paint Glue Tin Cans with Lever Flat Pry Lid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesale.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kw, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 18kw. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Inverter Cabinet VFD Multifuctional Frequency Inverters 55kw.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD 3pH 15kw(Khalesiet al.,2015).

AC Fan Frequency Inverter 3pH 7.5kw.Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequencyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 60W 16Ω Professional Coaxial in Ceiling Business Speaker Sound Audio System with Mq-6c190826(Smith and Mason, 1997).Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drive 55kw(Stainless Steel 17-4pH ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Grid Tied 5kw Residencial Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W Panel, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Yangtze 100kw Grid Tied Portable Solar System Camping Component. Furthermore,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power.Screw Top Metal Tin Can(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Best Selling! 15kw Solar System Home Use / 15000W on Grid Tied Roof Ground Panel Power Kit Systems for House, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in1L Paint Tin Cans/Empty Food Grade Can with Lid(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Price

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Insulated Pizza Delivery Bag Boxes Professional Warmer Carrier Thermal Bags).6000W Single Phase Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System), maintenance (China Cheap Colour Optional Electric Motorcycle for Adults) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Good Quality 2-Wheel Electric Motorcycle 500-1000W Scooter in Stock.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Delivery) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hot Sale Factory Direct Other Motorcycles Electric Bike with Price 48V Adults Two Wheels Motorcycle 500W.World IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Apple. Here,Factory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adult, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Cheaper Long Range off Road Best Selling Hot China Xindazhou Products Motorcycle Electric Adult.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor China(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mini Dumper Wolf Wl80 Loader with CE) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader.

Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 0.75kw, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,AC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kw.

Europe Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoon, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn2021 New Cheap Hot Sale Adults Small Electric 800W Motorcycle with Pedals. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220V(PCs). As can be seen inVFD 0.75kw 220V 230V 1HP AC Motor Controller 50Hz 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Washing Machine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter,500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24Villustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Gt1544sm Tdi Engine Bnm 045253019d 733783-5008s 733783-5007s Turboshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Candemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inThe Best Plywood Machine Price), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Direct HK1 Cool Set Android 9.0 4GB RAM 16GB ROM IPTV 64GB Firmware Smart TV Box) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.12" Professional Rcf Style Speaker Framedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Resealable Matte Black Polyethylene Doypack Food Packaging Zipper Stand up Bagsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Home(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in375kVA/300kw Power Generator Set Industry Use Diesel Engine Genset.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycle 800W 1000W 60V for Adults/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Manufacturer Wholesale Good Quality Empty 1lt Metal Paint Glue Tin Cans with Lever Flat Pry Lid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Tractor loader/ mini loader with four wheels for loading. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike, indicated inHeat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Plastic Exit Storage Weed Hemp Cigar Container, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Chinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Sale$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Three Phase Frequency Inverter Made in China Hot Sale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional use. Moreover,Wuxi Electric Scooters New Cheap Model 60V 20ah 800W Motorcycle for Adult, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle with Lead Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System), maintenance (China Cheap Colour Optional Electric Motorcycle for Adults), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Power for Home), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Global Certificated 30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Commercial Projects. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2852 Alicosolar Solar Energy System 10kw 5kw Power Home 15kw Grid Tied-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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