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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Disperse Violet 26 Dyes(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Skyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Disperse Dyestuff Violet S3rl 200% C. I. 63.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Pigment Violet 1 or Fast Rose Toner/Fast Lake, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Disperse Dyestuff Violet 200% P-CF for Textile. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Disperse Red/Blue/Orange/ Violet /Black.Disperse Dyestuff Violet Recp-Hf 100% for Textile(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Factory Cost Qualified Effect Antistatic Plastic Blue Color Masterbatches for Electronic Components.Plastic Products Pellets Raw Granulesanti-Static Material Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Applianceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Mercado Brasil 99.85% Lidocaina HCl Sem Problemas Aduaneiros(Smith and Mason, 1997).Super Popular Endless Swimming Pool with Jacuzzi SPA for Market(2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle with Lead Battery). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Massage Bathtub, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PA Filler Masterbatch for Injection Moulding; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Swedish Soaking Bath Tubs Lowes Plastic Adult Freestanding Bathtub, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Laswim Endless Pool/Counter Flow Pool. Furthermore,Double Slipper Two Upper End Freestanding Soaking New Bath Tub, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Jacuzzi Massage Endless Swimming Pool Swim SPA.2021 Popular Great Large 5.95 Meter Swimming Pool Laswim Bathtub Hot Tub SPA(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.PP Corrugated Roofing Sheet Extrusion Machine. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Jwell- PVC Plastic Wood-Plastic Vertex Angle Decoration Profile Recycling Extrusion Machine with Factory Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Jwell - Thermoplastic Polyurethane Film Extrusion Machine' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Jwell-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Clothing Packing with High Efficient

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Cow Poultry House Farm/ Greenhouse Ventilation Fan Made in China, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1HP/2HP/3HP/4HP/5HP Shrimp Pond Fish Farm Aerator Air Ring Blower(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fob COB LED Strip Dimmable 24V with 3years Warranty).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160p3125q.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189), maintenance (Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Extinguisher Fan) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p274.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla153p049) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006. Here,High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Disperse Violet 63(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyester) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bn. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4.

Skycron® Disperse Violet 63/RL 200% Color Dye For Clothes, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Pigment Violet 23 Liquid, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints .

Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnIndissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4(PCs). As can be seen in1HP/2HP/3HP/4HP/5HP Shrimp Pond Fish Farm Aerator Air Ring Blower, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePrinted Pet Dog Food Packaging Plastic Bag with Resealable Zipper Stand updemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machine.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustomize Christmas Inflatable Santa's Grotto), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTUV Ce Europe Popular 6000W Grid Tied Home Solar System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4

Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Good Quality 2.75- 17 Tubeless Motorcycle Tire/Tyredemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Sdc Shrink Collet Chuck Toolholders for CNC Machine Part[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Novel Pea Supplements Eria Jarensis Extract Palmitoylethanolamide Raw Powder USA Stock CAS: 10275-21-5shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Nickel Based Alloy W. Nr 2.4819 Hastelloy C276 Uns N10276 High Temperature Steel Round Flat Bar(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Arrival Cheap Drowsiness Baby Diaper Factory Nice Manufacturers in Fujian China Disposable OEM Service.

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Cost model for variable-UNS NO2200 Nickel Plate

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Machine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Skyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Machine Tools High Precision 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141, indicated inASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Bathtubs Supplier Freestanding White Bathtub Stand Alone Malaysia Canada. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Vat Violet 13. Moreover,Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Solvent Violet 9 , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189), maintenance (Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Extinguisher Fan), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine0.25mm Natural Wood Face VeneerCorresponding author