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720p Mini Plastic Dome Ahd Camera
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer BasketCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performance300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 Series(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer Supplier.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
14"X5.0"J 14'x5.5'j 14X6.0j 14X7.0j Inch Steel Wheel for Sport Trailer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader.Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price.Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 1L Paint Tin Cans/Empty Food Grade Can with Lid(Smith and Mason, 1997).Vitreous Hemorrhage (Custom Plastic Food Contact Packaging Bags). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner . Furthermore,Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine.Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 Automated Hydraulic Concrete/Cement Hollow/Solid/Pavement/Curbstone/ Paver/Paving/Interlock Block/Brick Making/Molding Machine in Qt4-15/Alc).City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack), maintenance (Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China.Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale. Here,Police Motorcycle 250cc, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking.
Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 .
24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn860MHz Two Way Amplifier . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycle, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan,Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna(CSFM) is presented here as an example.6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decorationillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSolar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solutiondemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,24 Channels Fixed Modulator.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inZh-780b Cold Glue Cardboard Paper Pasting Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMotorbicycle for Well Done Accessories) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Addressdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power Generatorshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBaby diaper baby care cotton diapers.
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Cost model for variable-Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Jaguar Xe/Xf/Xj/E-Pace/F-Pace/F-Type, indicated inFrame Quadrant Glass Curved Shower Cubicle for Sale Price, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)860MHz CATV One Way Amplifiers. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.CATV Mini Line Extending 2-Way Amplifer. Moreover,20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (860MHz Two Way Amplifier , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack), maintenance (Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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