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Stainless steel pneumatic bypass valve
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate LidCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Frequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Loading Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
China Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Farm Equipment 800kg Small Loader Payloader for Sale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Three Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller.0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Android TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player.China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Saleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light(Smith and Mason, 1997).Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch(High Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Frequency Converter 0.5 HP, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.125HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump. Furthermore,Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price.Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hz, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in10inch Loudspeaker PA Speaker PRO Audio(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;3 Phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Variable Drive Manufacturer Solar Modules' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Handmade Feather Brooches).Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks), maintenance (AC Drive Output and Triple Frequency Converter 60 Hz 50 Power Supply) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Titan Brand 0.8 Ton Farm Garden Use Mini Smalll Wheel Loader for Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Mini Wheel Loader Hot Sale with Pallet Fork Zl908) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (220V 3HP Frequency Converter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.AC Frequency Converter2HP 1phase.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save. Here,Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Supprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxes.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)New Design Converter 220V 380V DC AC Inverter Motor Pump VFD Power High Quality.
Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ce, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
G52 Gt-King Controls Android Pendoo Freesat 9.0 Smart 64GB Recarga Octa Core TV Box 4K, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Variable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous Motor.
Vectron Frequency Inverter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnZl08f Mini Small Farm Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Best Price(PCs). As can be seen in5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Beautiful Design T95 RAM 4GB ROM 32GB Allwinner H616 Universal 4K TV Android 10.0 Set Top Box,Eougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loader(CSFM) is presented here as an example.49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Body Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileProfessional Loudspeaker Single 5" Coaxial Full Range Speaker with CF5demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Power Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTop CE Quality Rice Mill Machine Manufacture Supply for Series Milling Plant), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 1.5kw) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Inverter AC Drive. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factorydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Power and Triple Output Type Static Electric Motor AC Inverter Solar Speed Control[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Vera12 Single 12" The Most Economical Line Array Sound Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Small Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChina Manufacturer Top Quality 16-24 Inch Tire Changer Truck Tyre.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturer 380V 4kw 3 Phase Inverter Washing Machine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Frequency Converter Variable Drive 50Hz to 60Hz 2HP 2. Kw 1 Phase; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Loading Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Titan Brand Mini Small Chargeur De Roues Radlader Gommata Carregador Roda Cargador Ruedaschargeur Tracteur Traktorlader Caricatore Trattore D, indicated in1500cc Watercraft with 3seat, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
VFD 0.75kw 220V 230V 1HP AC Motor Controller 50Hz 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Washing Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Radlader Zl08 Wheel Loader for Sale Mini Articulated, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Customized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercial. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Dual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Android. Moreover,0.18mm Engineered Wood Face Veneer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (4K J45 128GB Stick Firmware Download User Manual for Cable Junction Android TV Box, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks), maintenance (AC Drive Output and Triple Frequency Converter 60 Hz 50 Power Supply), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Dyed Skateboard Veneer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.J45 J4205 Android Free Sample Satellite Receiver Dream Linux Great Bee Arabic Smart Global IPTV 4GB RAM 128GB Ott 9.0 TV Box, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,American Walnut Single Crown Cut Veneer Recon Engineered for Door Furniture Plywood. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Power Supply 3 pH 4kw Converter 60Hz 50Hz Water Pump Frequency Inverter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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