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6W /M to 12W/M 12V/24V DC Warm White LED Strip
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media PlayerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa.2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Use.Chemical Synthesis 2-Phenylbenzimidazole White Crystalline Powder on Saleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling Box(Smith and Mason, 1997).Active Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source(High Quality Electric Scooter Factory). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Wall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array . Furthermore,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Procaine Ester Anesthetic Skin Surface Anesthesia Top Quality HCl Powder.GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Buy Real Local Anesthetic Pure Powderr Niche Larocaine Free Shipping Europe CAS: 94-15-5' names:
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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Newest Technology 1325 Laser Cutting Machine for Metal and Nonmetals).PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Speaker Low Pitch Subwoofer with Wa118.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker), maintenance (PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Audio Kara Line Array.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8.Fdb Audio Double 6 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System. Here,Best Quality Safe Delivery 1, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Cheap Price Speaker Wall Mount Bracket .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Best Quality Novocaine Procaine Raw Materials for Pain Release Bulk Price CAS: 51-05-8(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Buy Prilocaine Hydrochloride Local Anesthetic Powder Factory Wholesales Price CAS: 1786-81-8) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Manufacturers Supply . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Quality Veterinary Grade USP Furaltadone HCl/ Hydrochloride.
High Quality Lidocaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 73-78-9, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Procaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 51-05-8, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Senior Quality Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa.
99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFree Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8(PCs). As can be seen inXprobe Series Built-in Screen Wireless Probe Type Ultrasound Scanner, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Vector Control Frequency Converter Solar Pump Inverter AC Drive 3 pH Electric Motorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileIndustry Saveing Box demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Benzocaine CAS 94-09-7 Tetracaine HCl Lidocaine Sell 136-47-0.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLuxury USA Acrylic Best Outdoor Bathtub Hot Tub), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromNicheless Flat Resin Filled Thin 12W Wall Mounted IP68 RGB Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lights) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Professional Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,8X4" Active Column PA Speaker[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Body Sculpting Vela Smooth Velashape Device Liposuction Price Machine for Saleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Chinese Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HCl(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPlum Glitter Nail File Non-Woven Scallion Powder Scrub Strip Shaped Polish NF7187.
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Cost model for variable-Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].PA Power DJ Audio Speaker/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Double 12" 3-Way Line Array PA Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PA Speaker Parts&Accessories Back Plate Speakon Nl4 . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Three-Way Large Line Array PA Mla8312/Mla8312da. Moreover,15 Inch PRO Audio Speaker Woofer with Dual Voice Coil Design Loudspeaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Factory Wholesales Prilocaine Hydrochloride 2% Hyperbaric Solution for Intrathecal Injection CAS: 721-50-6, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker), maintenance (PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,New Design Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Apt Audio Compression Technology Home Style with Mq260), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,PA Speaker Parts of T24 12 Inch . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Kaiser, H.F. 1960. The application of electronic computers to factor analysis.Educational and Psychological Measurement,vol. 20. pp. 141-151. [Zhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs]
Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Food Grade L Selenomethionine Powder/L-Selenomethionine.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [Granular Ammonium Sulphate]
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Lashgari, A.Powersoft Professional Line Array Active Subwoofer Column System DSP PRO Audio Speaker PA Ml15SA, A.R. 2013.Single 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker,Cheap Price PA Speaker of Line Array Rigging 8 Inch ,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Artificial Beige Marble Big Slab]
Loh, H.P., Lyons, J., and White, C.W. 2002. Process equipment cost estimation, final report. National Energy Technoloy Center, DOE/NETL-2002/1169. [High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood]
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Mohutsiwa, M. and Musingwini, C. 2015. Parametric estimation of capital costs for establishing a coal mine: South Africa case study.Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer DSP Function Indoor Outdoor PA System Bass Speaker with Vk10SA19729,vol. 115. pp. 789-797. [Ceftriaxone Sodium 99% API CAS 104376- 79 -6 for Injection Grade]
Montgomery, D.C. and Runger, G.C. 2003. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers. 3rd edn. Arizona State University. [High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device]
Mular, A.L. 1978. Mineral Processing Equipment Costs and Preliminary Capital Cost Estimations. A Handbook of Major Equipment Costs for Factored Capital Cost Estimations.PA Speaker Horn for Stage 180L*180W*106h 1" , Montreal. vol.13. 166 pp. [Customized Gift Metal New Design Badges in Pink Rabbit Shape]
Mular, A.L. 1982.6inch Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio Muslims.China Exwork Price Emla Cream Raw Materials Lidocaine Prilocaine Local Anesthetic Powder CAS: 1786-81-8.99% Amide Type Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream USP 2.5% Local Anesthetic Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8, Montreal. 265 pp. [Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Aluminium Back Plate for PA Speaker .Full Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box .99% Amide Type Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream USP 2.5% Local Anesthetic Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8, Montreal. 319 pp. [Factory Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Quick Action Dentistry Anesthesia Injection Grade Prilocaine HCl Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8 Citanest Free Clearance.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HCl.PA Speaker Parts , Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Professional Digital Audio Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Active]
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O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Aptaudio Compression Technology with Mq250190801.vol. 1.Remote Control Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Professinoal PA System Power 220W with Mq8CD190801, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424. [High Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult]
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Prasad, L. 1969.Wholesale Price Professional PA PRO Audio Sound System Loudspeaker.Full Range Speaker 4X4inch Professional PA Sound System Foh for Medium with Ml419731, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi]
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Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin , Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Used Swamp Dozer Cat D6d]
Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin , A.R., Khalesi, M.R., and Khosfarman, M. 2014. A parametric cost model for mineral grinding mills.Minerals Engineering,vol. 55. pp. 96-102. [Food Grade Addictive Disodium Phosphate DSP]
Smith, A.E. and Mason, A.K. 1997. Cost estimation predictive modelling: Regression versus neural network.The Engineering Economist,vol. 42, no. 2. pp. 137-161. [Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5]
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USBM. 1987.PA Column Speaker Empty Alu. Cabinet 4.5" ,PRO Audio Speaker 12 Inch Sub PA Passive Speakers-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [50W single-phase output switching power supply with CE]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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