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My-V014 China Ophthalmic Optical Instrument Kerato Auto Refractometer
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Ts218 Dual 18" Speakers Subwoofer Speaker BoxCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Mc4 Electronic Connector800W EEC Electric Motorcycle; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel.1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for.20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tightenet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen (Smith and Mason, 1997).Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus(2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus. Furthermore,Underwater Pool Light with Niche , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Skin Tightening.Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFloating Agent Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate Supplier(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Sale, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (New Item High Pearl Long Lasting Eco-Friendly Metallic Nail Polish).Ignition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (ATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts), maintenance (New 110cc 125cc 150cc Mini Jeep Willys) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,New Design Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Marking Machine Qr Code Vin Engraving) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Electric Starting Motor for Gy6 -80 Gy3-125 Cy6-125 Innova Kazer Jupiterz) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Motorcycle Parts Ignition Key Switch Lock Gy6 Scooter.OEM Wheels for Kymco Gy6 125cc Scooter Body Parts. Here,Body Sculpting Vela Smooth Velashape Device Liposuction Price Machine for Sale, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Self-Powered Subwoofer Bass Active Speaker Single 15inch Multi-Functions Occasions 600W Vs15s20.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Motorcycle Parts High Quality Cam (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-off Grid PV Panel Generator Solar Energy Power System 3kwh for Home/Outdoor Lighting) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery.
New Model Solar Home System 3kwh with LiFePO4 Battery, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (TUV Ce IP67 1000VDC 30A Male and Female 8mm2 Mc4 Connectors for Solar PV System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Portable Manufacturer 150ah 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery for UPS Lighting, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,3kwh Solar Energy System Home off Grid.
Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnLebekan Aluminum Materials High Power COB LED Flood Light Waterproof Lights 100W 200W 400W 600W 800W. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).3kwh LiFePO4 Battery System Energy Power(PCs). As can be seen inProfessional Sound Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Line Array Loudspeaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Lebekan 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W Outdoor Light Building Landscape Lighting Wall Washer Floodlight,Flood Light 800W IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Lighting 80000 Lumens LED Floodlight(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000Willustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Supply High Quality N-Cbz-D-Leucine Powder CAS. 28862- 79 -5 99% Purityshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2 Ton Loader 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,T Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustom Printing Toys Adult Love Erotic Game Sex Dice for Couple&Lovers), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Waterproof IP68 1500V Mc4 Solar Connector for 2.5/4/6/10mm PV Wire TUV Ce UL. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dual 10 Inch Vtx V20 Line Array Speaker Big Professional Loudspeaker 3 Way Active Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Mc4y Solar System Waterproof Connector[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Seamless 1920*1080 Pixel High Resolution LCD Monitor 49"shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Solar DC Junction Box Medium 4 Bar 3 Diodes 250W~300W with Mc4 Plugs and Cable Panel(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in15ml OEM ODM UV Color Coat Nail Gel Polish.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Wspvcc Solar PV Connector Mc4 High Effiency IP 67/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Motorcycle Spare Part Starter Relay for Gy6 -80/Viva R 115cc; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Performance Ignition Coil Gy6 50cc 150cc 139qmb 157qmj Moped$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.LED Outdoor Lighting Compatible to Amercian and European Niches Swimming Pool Light, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Motorcycle Parts Sparking Plug for Cg125 Cg200 Cg150 Gy6 -150. Moreover,IGBT Automatic 25kw High Frequency Induction Heating System for Mold Thimble Quenching Hardening, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Motorcycle Muffler Assy/Exaust Pipe for Scooter Parts Gy6 50/125/150, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (ATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts), maintenance (New 110cc 125cc 150cc Mini Jeep Willys), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Surface Mounted Fully Resin Filled RGB LED Piscine Pool Light), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.IP68 Glass 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light for Fountain, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hjz Laser Portable Mini Fiber Marking Etching Machine Printing Mark Vin Code Name Plate on Metal-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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