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Fashion Leaf Design Brooch
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China 300cc Adult Road Legal 2 Seat Pedal Go Kart(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3kwh Solar Energy Storage System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 New Design 3kwh off Grid Solar Power System LiFePO4 Battery for Home Use with Built-in Inverter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Peanut Shell and Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/Tyre. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes.Handheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welder for Aluminum Tube Pipe.High Quality Radio Frequency Aesthetic Equipmentet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Good Quality 2.75- 17 Tubeless Motorcycle Tire/Tyre(High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2.50- 17 , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Magnetic Switch Assy Starter Relay for Cg125 Bros Nxr Honda Suzuki Akt 125 Akt110 Bws100 Gy6 Italika Kintaro YAMAHA Haojue; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Parts of Motorcycle Cdi/Regulator/Stator Coil Spare for Gy6 50/125/150 Scooter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Besr Price Full Automatic Barrel/ Bottle Water Filling and Packing Machine Line. Furthermore,Medical Machine / Multipolar RF Facial Beauty, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Made in China High Performance Tubeless Fat Motorcycle Tire 180/55- 17.Good Packed Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Machine China(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.ISO9001 Certified Factory Price China Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (25kw High Frequency Induction Heater for Bolts&Rivet, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLtk One 12" Woofers and 3" Driver Compact Coaxial Line Array Speaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Fractional RF Vacuum Slimming Machine for Lose Weight' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,DOT Certified off Road Chinese Motorcycle Tire 3.00- 17
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Linear Type Thermal Film Packing Machine / Equipment, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Good Solutions 3kw Solar Home Energy off Grid System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Waterless Hand Sanitizer Gel 75% Alcohol).Jalyn Motorcycle Spare Parts Speedometer Assy Fits for Gy6 /Hunter.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (25kw High Frequency Induction Heat Soldering Machine), maintenance (Super Bright Outdoor 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W LED Flood Light) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,10pack/M Automatic PE Film Combine Heat Shrink Wrapping Bottle Packing Wrapper Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Beverage Water Packing Equipment ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Automatic Shrink Wrapping Machine 0-20package/Min) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Automatic Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine .Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switching. Here,IP65 Waterproof High Lumen Outdoor Flood Light for Tennis Court/ Soccer Field/ Stadium 400W 600W 800W, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Waterproof 800W Deformable High Mast Flood LED Lighting for Outdoor Stadium Airport Golf Course Container Wharf.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1L HDPE Plastic Bottle Chemical(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light 600W 800W 1000W LED Floodlight) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Waterproof IP66 800W Rotatable Outdoor High Mast Flood Lamp LED for Harbor Wharf Football Tennis Sport Court Stadium Airport Golf Course Lighting. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Waterproof IP66 Adjustable High Power LED Stadium Lamp 100W 200W 300W 400W 600W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W Flood Light.
High Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stock, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Fast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
1L Stainless Steel 304 Bottle with Clamp and Silicone Gasket, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Automatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine .
1000ml 71g 1L HDPE Plastic Bottle for Chemical Powders Liquids, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn300/650ml/ 1L Plastic Shampoo Cosmetic Pump Bottle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle Milk(PCs). As can be seen inFactory Supply Intermediates Bulk Stock BMK White Powder Glycidate CAS: 16648-44-5, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle,Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverterillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Sell Top Quality Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Indometacin Powder CAS: 53-86-1shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWater and Gas Supply HDPE Pipe Extrusion Production Line 315mmdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSynthetic Diamond Single Crystal Wire Drawing Die), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Price Manufacturer Supplier Cheap Electric Bike/Electric Motorcycle for Hot Selling) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Portable-Rorary Type DOT Peen Marking Machine for Metal. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Usedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Engine Timing Kits for Cadillac Allante 4.6L V8 281 Cid 1993[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Underwater Light(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inProfessional Noise Cancelling Helmet Earpiece Two Way Radio Light Weight Headset with Mic for Nx-5200/5300/5400.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metals/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum Plastic; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3kwh Solar Energy Storage System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine. Moreover,Manufacturer 3kwh Long Life Solar Home System with LiFePO4 Battery, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (25kw High Frequency Induction Heat Soldering Machine), maintenance (Super Bright Outdoor 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W LED Flood Light), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Fast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [7.5MHz/10.0MHz Msk/Vascular Use Wireless Ultrasound Equipment]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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