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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on ModuleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Electric Motorcycle Customized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Electric Motorcycle (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Electric Motorcycle .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container.2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Electric Motorcycles .Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis (Smith and Mason, 1997).Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader(Double Chasis Cargo Tricycle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.500W EEC Electric scooter. Furthermore,Electric Motorcycle , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Solar Electric Motorcycle.Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGlycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3 Digits Combination Lock Password Tsa Padlock Xmm-021).800W EEC Electric Motorcycle.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter), maintenance (1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Sale High Performance Vector Frequency Converter 380V 45/55kw) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter.Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm. Here,Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price.
Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar System.
Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter(PCs). As can be seen inWhite Crystalline Powder Europe Warehouse Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle,Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removalillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Gridshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSpiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turningdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGood Price 100W LED Flood Lights 100 Watt 100lm/W Projector), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAlloy Wheels ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality Electric Scooter Factory. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.OEM PVC Home Suede Inflatable Sofa with Footstooldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubesshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.1L Panit Can(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Brightness Supermarket Advertising Stadium P4 P5 P6 P8 P10 mm Full Color Screen Waterproof Indoor Outdoor LED Display.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator. Moreover,0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter), maintenance (1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Radiate Pine Face Veneer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box.Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia.5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can , Montreal. 265 pp. [Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powder]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw.Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter.5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can , Montreal. 319 pp. [Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36]
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1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Veterinary Use Bulk Pirce of Oxytetracycline CAS: 79 -57-2]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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