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Pumps
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years WarrantyCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Rk3329 Ubuntu Mini PC HK1 Max Xbmc Chrome Cast TV Internet Box Quad Core Firmware AndroidTire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire.; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.220VDC to 220VAC Variable Frequency Inverter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Pump Inverter 1.5kw AC Drive Frequency Welding Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Electrical VFD Frequency Inverter Three Phase 220V 380V 7.5/11kw for Solar Pump.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,380V 400Hz 3p AC Drive Hot 15kw Frequency Converter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Single Phase Input and Output 220V Able 640 Static Frequency Converter 400Hz.3 Phase Mini AC DC Frequency Inverter Motor Speed Controller Power Supply 5.5kw-110kw(Khalesiet al.,2015).
VFD Frequency Converter Inverter for Constant Pressure Water Supply.AC Drive Solar Pump Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Inverterset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Ltk One 12" Woofers and 3" Driver Compact Coaxial Line Array Speaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump(Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10'' Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)large cabin and powerful engine Customized 0.8ton mini wheel loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Qingzhou 0.8ton Shovel Loader Small Front with Bucket for Sale; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Eougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.AL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Sale. Furthermore,Chinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-800kg China Small Front High Quality Wheel Loader for Sale in Europe.Melamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywood(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Decorative Pine Groove Plywood Veneer Fancy. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (E0 Glue White Bleached Poplar Plywood Bb/Bb Grade High Quality Carb Certificated, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2021 New Modern Design Living Room Leather Sofa(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;18mm Brown Film Faced Finger Jointed Plywood for Concrete Formwork' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,AC Drive, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hot Sale 60V 800W Brushless Motor Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 Hot Sales 600d Oxford Custom Large Capacity Picnic Insulated Cooler Backpack Bags with Side Mesh Pockets).Sell Well 800W 60V Electric Motorcycle for Daily Riding.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Reliable Quality 3.7kw 3-Phase Solar Water Pump Inverter for Irrigation System), maintenance (15kw Grid Tied Solar System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (12kw Grid Tied Complete Set Easy Installation Solar Energy System for Home Use or Industrial) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Grid Tied 11kw Solar Panel System Home Commercial Power Supply.5kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use. Here,12kw Grid Tied Solar System, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Chinese Frequency AC Drive Pure Sine Wave Inverter Mini Water Pump Motor Controller.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.200cc/300cc Adults Racing Go Kart for Sale Ce Certificate(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Water Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,0.4kw 0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter .
China Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Sporty Electric Scooter , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
SMD3014/2835 AC/DC Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,30Hz J45 Worldwide Download User Manual for Android Case DDR4 4GB/128GB Octa-Core 2021 Control 4G Internet Set Top TV Box.
Best Selling 4X4 Farm ATV, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCheap Racing Go Kart for Sale 200cc Water Cooled Zyao. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast Delivery(PCs). As can be seen in2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Amlogic Chipset S905X2 Quad Core Android8.1 4K Smart Internet TV Box T95q,Plywood Mdo / Hdo for Concrete Formwork Slab Form(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kwillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P monitor LCD video wallshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePharmavceutical Grade 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Good Pricedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monya.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Sell Portable Small 3D CNC Router for Hobby), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from18" Remy Hair Lace Front Closure Natural Color Body Wave) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot-Sale Sporty Electric Motorcycle Mn5. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Comaccord D and E Grade 0.26mm Birch/Oak/Ash Face Veneer for Vietnam Furniture Plywooddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Dust Collector Hammer Mill Shakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.RGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCamera Wind and Solar Power System with Fuse DC Box Protection.
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Cost model for variable-PAR56 IP68 Waterproof Outdoor Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].PAR56 316ss 18watt LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lights with PC Niche/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Pump Inverter 1.5kw AC Drive Frequency Welding Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.24watt IP68 Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System. Moreover,11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Customized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Reliable Quality 3.7kw 3-Phase Solar Water Pump Inverter for Irrigation System), maintenance (15kw Grid Tied Solar System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,China Plywood for The Furniture/Construction), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.3-18mm Melamine Plywood/Melamine Board/Fancy Paper Face Plywood for Indoor Use, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home PowerDiscount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/TireCorresponding author