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Woven Collar and Bottom Ladies Knitted Pullover
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Additive PE Green Color Masterbatches ManufacturerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Factory Supply Hot Sale CAS No. 148- 79 -8 Thiabendazole PriceCE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.L-Arginine Powder Amino Acid Pure Manufacturer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,White Powder Vitamin a for Food and Feed Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Grade. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Q210 Passive PA Speaker System.Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console.100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplementset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah(Smith and Mason, 1997).Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder(Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Lf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).12" Loudspeaker as Monitor Speaker System 12 Inch Powerful Coaxial; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Made in China PA Speaker System Three Way Loudspeakers, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive . Furthermore,Pyridinecas Number 110//86//1 Used as Chemical Reagent, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG.P-Toluenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTop Selling 1(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder' names:
►Nutrition Food Grade Dl-Pyroglutamic Acid Pure L-Pyroglutamic: based on 36-foot,Factory Supply 99% Dexketoprofen Trometamol Powder,10W Wall Mount Speaker with Transformer 8 Ohm 100V Bluetooth ,Karaoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ad-P55 Special Design Gradient Spray Glass Perfume Bottle).Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System), maintenance (10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin Care.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Plastic Clear White Stand-up Drinking Liquid Spout Food Packaging Bag.ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder. Here,High Quality Cosmetic Grade Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 2.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quality Opa O-Phthalaldehyde with Best Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wholesale Factory Price High Quality Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate of Cws 250iu/G) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Sound. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active.
Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Manufacturer Supply 1.
Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket(PCs). As can be seen in100 PCS Child Proof Bags Smell Mylar Bag Flower Cbd Gummy Candy Cookies Packaging Resistant Exit Zip Lock Pouch Food Container, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery,L-Arginine 99%(CSFM) is presented here as an example.A+ grade LCD wall panel surveillance high brightness screenillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Homeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer Billboardsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,China Factory Price CAS 702- 79 -4 1.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFostar 24" Fsd-300y 3D Wheel Alignment), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLevamisole HCl / Hydrochloride Anthelmintic Agent Raw CAS 16595-80-5) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Direct Semi-Synthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Raw Material Dalbavancin . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Temperature 3 Side Seal Retort Pouch for Corn[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pumpshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNail Art White Light Sun3 LED Polish UV Lamp.
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Cost model for variable-ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Mylar Barrier Exit Waterproof Cr Bag/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Stand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic Container; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,White Powder Vitamin a for Food and Feed Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Safety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Custom Plastic Coffee Flat Bottom Food Packaging with Ziplock Container, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Family Usage Embossed Vacuum Bags for Food. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag. Moreover,Snsck Food Bag Fried Flat Bottom Box Pouch with Zipper, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System), maintenance (10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Lf Driver 10 Inches 64mm Glass Fiber Coil Professional Speaker -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Prasad, L. 1969.Alumimun Foil Film Bag.99 Purity Peptides Oxytocin Injection Acetate 2mg, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesale]
Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-99% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powder.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Dust Proof Steel Shackle Padlocks with Master Key]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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