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High Quality Charm Simple Heart with Pearl Trendy 925 Sterling Silver White Rhodium Bracelet
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE CertificateCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.China Factory Price Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS 206986- 79 -0ISO9001 Motorcycle Spare Part Tubeless Motorcross Tire Size 100/90- 17; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System.Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag.3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screenet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Seamless 1920*1080 Pixel High Resolution LCD Monitor 49"(Smith and Mason, 1997).Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag(High Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).10'' Red Steel Woofer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic. Furthermore,Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper.Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder' names:
►V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker: based on 36-foot,Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub,Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee,Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Customzie High Quality Cotton Plus-Size Sweatshirts for Women).49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel), maintenance (High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher.Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging. Here,Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,10 Inch KTV System Woofer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container.
Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9.
Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging(PCs). As can be seen inAdjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel displayshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSolar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connectordemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inRansheng UV Builder Gel Clear Poly), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Selling Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tindemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.1-Bromo-3(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSwivel Earpiece for Motorola Two Way Radios Cp1300/Cp140/Cp200.
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Cost model for variable-Low Price 4
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag. Moreover,China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel), maintenance (High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.200X5000mm Vacuum Sealer Bag Roll for Food Packaging.Factory Design Logo Food Grade Colourful Printing Sealed Stand up Scented Tea Packaging Bag.Waterproof Plastic Cookies Biscuit Zip Packaging Bag with Window Upright Ziplock Laminated Mylar Food Material Underwear Air Hole, Montreal. 265 pp. [High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine]
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Prasad, L. 1969.46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TV.10'' Neodymium Woofer Professional Loudspeaker with Brown Cone., Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327]
10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-PA 10 -25W 4 Inch Sound Ceiling Speaker.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Good Performance Polyurethane PU Resin for Gravure Printing Ink]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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