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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Portable Themagic Fractional RF Machine for Skin Tightening, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.China Wholesale 110/90-16 High Quality Motorcycle Tyre/Tire.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Peonylighting 800W High Pole Stadium LED Flood Yard Lamp, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Power Outdoor Flood Light for Stadium/ Tennis Court 600W 800W 1000W. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Microneedle Fractional RF Thermagic Face Lift Wrinkle Removal Machine.RF Microneedle Thermal Facial Lift Beauty Equipment(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/Tyre, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2.50- 17

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Magnetic Switch Assy Starter Relay for Cg125 Bros Nxr Honda Suzuki Akt 125 Akt110 Bws100 Gy6 Italika Kintaro YAMAHA Haojue, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Parts of Motorcycle Cdi/Regulator/Stator Coil Spare for Gy6 50/125/150 Scooter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Professional Air Freight Forwarder China to Pakistan Door Service).Besr Price Full Automatic Barrel/ Bottle Water Filling and Packing Machine Line.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Medical Machine / Multipolar RF Facial Beauty), maintenance (Made in China High Performance Tubeless Fat Motorcycle Tire 180/55- 17) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Good Packed Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Machine China.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (ISO9001 Certified Factory Price China Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (25kw High Frequency Induction Heater for Bolts&Rivet) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Fractional RF Vacuum Slimming Machine for Lose Weight.Online Flying Laser Marking Machine for Operation Line. Here,Complete Automatic Plastic Bottle Pure Drinking Water Filling Bottling Packing Machine Line, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Portable 20Hz RF Face Lift Machine.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.ISO9001 Motorcycle Spare Part Tubeless Motorcross Tire Size 100/90- 17(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-DOT Certified off Road Chinese Motorcycle Tire 3.00- 17) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Linear Type Thermal Film Packing Machine / Equipment. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Good Solutions 3kw Solar Home Energy off Grid System.

Jalyn Motorcycle Spare Parts Speedometer Assy Fits for Gy6 /Hunter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (25kw High Frequency Induction Heat Soldering Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Super Bright Outdoor 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W LED Flood Light, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,10pack/M Automatic PE Film Combine Heat Shrink Wrapping Bottle Packing Wrapper Machine.

Beverage Water Packing Equipment , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAutomatic Shrink Wrapping Machine 0-20package/Min. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Automatic Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine (PCs). As can be seen inUns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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IP65 Waterproof High Lumen Outdoor Flood Light for Tennis Court/ Soccer Field/ Stadium 400W 600W 800W,Waterproof 800W Deformable High Mast Flood LED Lighting for Outdoor Stadium Airport Golf Course Container Wharf(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistantillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx820shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1L HDPE Plastic Bottle Chemical.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFaddish Campus Day Polyester Sublimation Printing Backpack School Rucksack Knapsack), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Supply Intermediates Bulk Stock BMK White Powder Glycidate CAS: 16648-44-5) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Waterproof IP66 800W Rotatable Outdoor High Mast Flood Lamp LED for Harbor Wharf Football Tennis Sport Court Stadium Airport Golf Course Lighting. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Waterproof IP66 Adjustable High Power LED Stadium Lamp 100W 200W 300W 400W 600W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W Flood Light[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Sell Top Quality Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Indometacin Powder CAS: 53-86-1shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stock(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChina New Steer OTR Tyre 14.00-24 16.00-24.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1L Stainless Steel 304 Bottle with Clamp and Silicone Gasket/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Automatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Portable Themagic Fractional RF Machine for Skin Tightening, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle Milk$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.20W 50W Portable Jpt/Ipg Laser Marking Machine in Germany, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle. Moreover,Factory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (1500cc Watercraft with 3seat, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Medical Machine / Multipolar RF Facial Beauty), maintenance (Made in China High Performance Tubeless Fat Motorcycle Tire 180/55- 17), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Portable-Rorary Type DOT Peen Marking Machine for Metal), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Engine Timing Kits for Cadillac Allante 4.6L V8 281 Cid 1993, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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