GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.My-A010b-N Medical Ultrasound Instruments Convex Handheld Wireless ProbeRosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Bi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Encryption Ts Satellite IRD.Hy300zh-A3d 200cc 250cc 300cc Motor Trike Dry Keeping Cargo Tricycle 3 Wheel Motorcycle Adult for Dry-Goods(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Hy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trike.2021 Best Sale 150cc Adults 4 Wheeler Petrol Power Racing Quadet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery(Smith and Mason, 1997).Closed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycle(Zl08 Mini Small Garden Farm Tractors Compact Front End Wheel Loader). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Sanyou 125cc Efi System with Delivery Box Gas Scooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).New Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race Motorcycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,28dBi Gain 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna Best Design for Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA. Furthermore,Sanyou Slg New Efi System 125cc -150cc Gasoline Scooter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike.0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 28dBi(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Wholesale 90cc 110cc 125cc 150cc off Road Gasoline Go Cart. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adults, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFrequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;4 Stroke Buggy 150cc ATV' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,0.4m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 23dBi

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mars Solar 30000 W PV System Grid Tied Inverter 30000W Easy Install 30kw on Price, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5 Wheels Gasoline Cargo Tricycle with Front Cabin(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Soft Animal Dog Plush Stuffed Toy).IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on), maintenance (New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (12V AC/DC 18W/24W/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Nichless Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality Resin Filled AC12V PAR56 & DC12V Flat LED Wall Underwater Light with Edison Chip) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.L5s Underground Ming Tyres Smooth Pattern 12.00-24 17.5-25 18.00-25 26.5-25.150cc Quad 4WD ATV for Adults. Here,Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Underwater Pool Light with Edison Chip.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-5kw Grid Tied Solar Inverter Three Phase for Home Use) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Quality Solar PV Grid- Tied Inverters. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip.

Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2 Ton Loader 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Grid Tied Inverter 3kw, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5kw Solar PV Kit Power Gird Tied Inverter.

Factory Mining Tyre, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnLow Frequency Solar Inverter Hybrid Mode Grid- Tied and Store Power. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).150cc Front Cabin Cargo Tricycle(PCs). As can be seen in5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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1L Metal Screw Top Round Machine Oil Tank,Customized Modern Design Metal Oil Tin Can 1L Empty Storage Container(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Dual 10 Inch 600W High-End Stage Line Array PRO Audioillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.HDPE Pesticide Bottle 500ml 1L Foliar Fertilizer Plasticshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBenzyl Benzoate Bb 99.95% Bp/USP Grade CAS: 120-51-4demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,E3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGiallo/Brown Color Flower Quartz Stone for Kitchen Countertop), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1L Paint Tin Cans/Empty Food Grade Can with Lid. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Senior Electric Guitar demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Covershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyre(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAmerican Postmodern Living Room Dining Lighting Bedroom Chandelier Pendant.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Electric Tricycle 350W 500W 800W for Adult/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Llantas High Quality L5 OTR Tyre 26.5-25; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Motor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy Loader$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Pneumatic Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coding, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1L Custom Metal Round Tin Cans Box Packaging for Glue Coating Slovent. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can. Moreover,1L Olive Oil Can Cooking Empty Tin Can/Pot Metal, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Heavy Loader 5wheel Cargo Tricycle with Cabin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on), maintenance (New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Precision and Fast Speed Nonmetal CO2 Laser Marking Machine), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Motor Cargo Tricycle for 2-3ton Loader, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.1L Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can with Cover-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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