GENERAL PAPERS

Variable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous MotorCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043Free Clearance USP40 Tetracaine Base Skin Surface Anesthesia Pain Reliever Cream CAS: 94-24-6; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150sn902.Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black(Khalesiet al.,2015).

3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls.New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 125cc Retro Scooter Motorcycle(Smith and Mason, 1997).Transparent Nylon 12 Resin Raw Material Polyamide Granules(CAS No.: 67-63-0 Senior Quality Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Nylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame. Furthermore,Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules.Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFrequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Transparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Original LED TV 4A 50 Inch Smart Large Memory Full HD Television).Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4), maintenance (Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules.PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules. Here,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules.

904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate(PCs). As can be seen in5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure , neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate,ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690(CSFM) is presented here as an example.White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Zl08f Mini Hydraulic 4WD Compact Shovel Wheel Loader for Saleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Capdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCody Lundin New Design Hip Hop Muscle Fit Men's T-Shirt Men Sports Apparel Casual Quantity OEM), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromStable France IPTV Server 1year Subscription French Spain Germany Italy Android TV Box Smart Mag M3u Streaming IP) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Applicationdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loadershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHip Hop Style Graffiti Cartoon Fun Shirt Loose Round Neck Cotton Short Sleeved T.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327, indicated inL-Pyroglutamic Acid, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0. Moreover,Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4), maintenance (Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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