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S. Arfania; A.R.Karaoke Speaker 10'' Ferrite KTV Loudspeaker Portable for System.PA Speaker with Line Array Tweeter Horn ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.100 PCS High Quality Resealable Hair Top Wig Clear Transparent Ziplock Bag Plastic Food Packaging for Oil(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Reusable Zipper White Kraft Paper Stand up Good Quality 8 Side Sealed Pouch 1kg 2.5kg Coffee Bag with Valve Aluminum Foil Mylar Plastic Food Packaging.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Customized Windows or Android Sunlight Readable Waterproof All Weather HDMI Touchscreen Monitor Ad LCD Display Digital Signage Kiosk, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Plastic Exit Storage Weed Hemp Cigar Container. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Custom Cat Food Bags.Buy Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 From Manufacturer(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inOriginal Hot Selling NTN Timken Koyo SKF Taper Roller Bearing 512/630m 512/630/So 5692/670 572/ 710 5692/800 5692/950 /Auto(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Purity Retinol Palmitate Powder' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Purity P-Toluenesulfonylsemicarbazide).Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag), maintenance (10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag.Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional. Here,10'' Red Steel Woofer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container.

PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker.

Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCustom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate(PCs). As can be seen inSpeaker Tcx- 10, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrousshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePharmaceutical Chemical 1-Hydroxypyrene CAS 5315- 79 -7demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBusiness Laptop Backpack School Travel), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAgricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warrantyshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in50mm Double Metal Strap Webbing Buckle.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)10 Inch KTV System Woofer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container. Moreover,Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag), maintenance (10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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USBM. 1987.Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2,Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [White Calacatta Artificial Quartz Stone Kitchen Island Top]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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