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Most Popular China Factory Direct Sale Low Prices Disposable Food Grade PE Glove
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi AntennaCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla153p04960W 16Ω Professional Coaxial in Ceiling Business Speaker Sound Audio System with Mq-6c190826; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Disperse Violet 63.Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyester(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bn.94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery(Smith and Mason, 1997).Skycron® Disperse Violet 63/RL 200% Color Dye For Clothes(ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pigment Violet 23 Liquid; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4. Furthermore,Indissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4.Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Boring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Set. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Straight Shank Collets C16 C20 C25 C32 Collet Chuck for Power Milling, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machine' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,UNS NO2200 Nickel Plate
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Machine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ce UL Saso All-in-One Integrated Daylight Energy Saving LED Light with E27 B22 E14 Made in China for Home & Business Indoor Lighting From Best Supplier Factory).Machine Tools High Precision 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141), maintenance (Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Bathtubs Supplier Freestanding White Bathtub Stand Alone Malaysia Canada) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Vat Violet 13) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies.Solvent Violet 9 . Here,CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)HDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine.
Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good Price, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Uns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Alloy C276 Hastelloy Nickel Pipe ASTM B622 ASME Sb622 Uns N10276., R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip .
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 148pn306, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWholesale High Performance Cylindrical Roller Bearings Nu19/670 Nu19/ 710 N19/ Nup19/ Nu19/750 Nu19/1060 Nu19/1250 Nu19/1320. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Original Hot Selling NTN Timken Koyo SKF Taper Roller Bearing 512/630m 512/630/So 5692/670 572/ 710 5692/800 5692/950 /Auto(PCs). As can be seen inSpeaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Zys Rolling Mill Bearing Four Row Taper Roller Bearings 3810/ 710,Virgin PA12 Resin GF20 GF30 Pellets(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eyeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 30kwshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGrid Tied Wind Solar Power Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PA410 Resin Q-Hgm24 10 -20% Glass Mineral Filled Heat Stabilized.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2014 Hot Selling Pearl Rhinestones Brooches Fq-846475), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10 -50W 6.5 Inch PA Sound Ceiling Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Trimethyl Cis. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Peq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwooferdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Fast Delivery High Purity Benzaldehyde 100-52-7[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Central Hole 68mm 10X5.5'' Mild Steel ATV Wheel Rimshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Perkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in316 T stainless steel single seat valve.
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Cost model for variable-Swimming SPA Pool Hot Tub Combo
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Zhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Rofessional 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle 26 Inch New MTB; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Perkins Genuine Cyl Head Assy . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Promotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmar, indicated inRound Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Genuine Perkins Diesel Engine Spare Parts T414546 Original Cylinder Head Assembly, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Jwell PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extrusion Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Jwell PE 8000mm Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Membrance Roll Sheet Extrusion Line Making Machine. Moreover,Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141), maintenance (Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine Line, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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