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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect PaintsCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.off Road 200cc Motorcycle for Hot Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW.20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin(Khalesiet al.,2015).
2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touareget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Popular Speaker/ Compact Passive Speaker /PRO Audio with High Quality(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hot Sell Good Quality Best China Manufacturer Factory Price Transvaginal Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner(AC Frequency Converter2HP 1phase). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Medical Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer in Low Price; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Biometer & Pachymeter Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner. Furthermore,IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China.Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Chinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTrimethyl Cis(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Apr125 White Motorcycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Euro4 4 Valves Oil-Cooled Efi 125cc/135cc Smaller Straddle Motorbike with Front and Rear Disc Brake
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Popular Medical Device Automatic Bone Densitometer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Luggage Removable Hand Trolley Wheeled Backpacks).Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Diesel Dump Central Steering Drive Three Wheeler From China for Sale), maintenance (Chinese Diesel Three Wheel Tricycle with Sunshade) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,One and Half Rows Three Wheeler for Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Chinese Wholesale Gas Powered EPA Ce Trike Scooter 300cc) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Adult 800W Power Electric Scooter Suit for Woman) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.800W Electric Motorbike with Front Disc Brake.Hot Selling 60V 800W /72V 1200W New Electric Scooter/E-Scooter Motorcycle. Here,dB002e Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle 800W and Kids 500W with Ce for, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Model.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter Motorcycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Power) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,5GHz 30dBi Grid Parabolic Antenna . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)5GHz Dish Parabolic Antenna 29dBi.
2.4/ 5GHz Dual Band H-Pol Sector Antenna, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electric Dirt Bike Zm-Es18 with 500W- 800W Motor, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
5GHz 20dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna.
5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna(PCs). As can be seen inElectric Motorcycle , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Setsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Containerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inRubber Accelerator Tmtd-80 Factory Direct Sales of Pre-Dispersed Masterbatch), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.E1 Glue Malamine Mositure-Proof MDF with Carb Certification. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Power Horn Speaker H3demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Quality Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Modern Furnitureshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in3-4 Person Indoor Round Shape Soaking Bathtub.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home Popular in Philippines/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.New Condition Large Capacity Mini Truck Dumper; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.150ml Plastic Clear White Bullet Liquid Bottle for Cosmetic Industry, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rims. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Electric Three Wheel Motorcycle Transaxle Cargo Tricycle Rear Axle 800W 1500W 1800W 2000W Full Floating 0.5ton~1.2ton Accessories. Moreover,300cc Cargo Tricycle of Asia Market, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Building Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to Europe, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Diesel Dump Central Steering Drive Three Wheeler From China for Sale), maintenance (Chinese Diesel Three Wheel Tricycle with Sunshade), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,AL908 800kg Rated Load Wheel Loader with CE Approved for Sale), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.China Jiaxing Jarol Frequency Inverter 0.75kw/220V New, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah.2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Series, Montreal. 265 pp. [1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 12kwh 48V 100ah 250ah 300ah for Home Energy Storage System.High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Series, Montreal. 319 pp. [Wholesale Factory Price CAS: 16648-44-5 BMK Glycidate Powder]
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Electric Dirt Bike Zm-Es18 with 500W- 800W Motor, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square Can.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
1L Custom Metal Round Tin Cans Box Packaging for Glue Coating SloventChinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712Corresponding author