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Cheap and Fine Semi Automatic Small Chocolate Enrobing Machinery
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
300cc Cargo Tricycle of Asia MarketCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Best Selling 4X4 Farm ATV12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy Storage; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cheap Racing Go Kart for Sale 200cc Water Cooled Zyao(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast Delivery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Suspension Delivery Chinese 800W Electric Motorcycle Small Long Range Accessories Two Wheels.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Amlogic Chipset S905X2 Quad Core Android8.1 4K Smart Internet TV Box T95q, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Plywood Mdo / Hdo for Concrete Formwork Slab Form. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monya.Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Hot-Sale Sporty Electric Motorcycle Mn5.Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adultet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter (Smith and Mason, 1997).RGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light(Wall Mount Speaker Bracket ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PAR56 IP68 Waterproof Outdoor Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PAR56 316ss 18watt LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lights with PC Niche; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lighting. Furthermore,Hot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18watt, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty.24watt IP68 Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Grid Tied Wind Solar Power System
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Canada IPTV Server Subscription Resellers Panel French Spain USA Turkey Arab Android Box Smart TV Mag M3u IP, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Ash Solid Wood decoration Board(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (5 Way European PP Power Strip Extension Socket 16A 250V).980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity..
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (800ml Square Metal Containers), maintenance (800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Hot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucket) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans.Un Approved 0.5 Liter Metal Square Paint Empty Tin Cans. Here,5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Can, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Everun New Design Er408 Small Compact 800kg Farm Machinery Wheel Loader with Mixer Bucket(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Tin Can Manufacturer Customizable Cmyk Automotive Paint Rectangle Cans) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Titan Brand 0.8 Ton High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with and Performance.. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Duty Chinese mini loader.
Exclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Black, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (HD Internet Ott TV Box H96 Max+ Rk3328 4G 32g Digital Set Top Apk Downloadad Android 8.1, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Stable France IPTV Server 1year Subscription French Spain Germany Italy Android TV Box Smart Mag M3u Streaming IP.
Upgraded Full HD North America Internet ATSC TV Decoder, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Quality Switch Control Multi Color Big Commercial Project Concrete LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(PCs). As can be seen inEougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-BQ,Commerical Okoume Plywood for Sale(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Chemical Factory Sale Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer Granularillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHeat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bagdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Go Kart .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWholesale White Sublimation Blanks Product Ceramic Cup Coffee Mug Supplier 11oz), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromModern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofa) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.N21% Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphatedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,New Model AL908 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Grapple for Sale[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storageshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBattery Box Neon LED Decorative Creative Night Light.
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Cost model for variable-5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motor
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast Delivery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Growatt Solar Inverter 17kw 20kw 25kw Grid Tied Three Phase on Power System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)No Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chip. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme. Moreover,TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2021 New Design RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (800ml Square Metal Containers), maintenance (800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,China Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.China Heavy Load Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Converter DC to AC, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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