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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Outdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PACost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough PowderHigh Quality Tretinoin with Good Price ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show.Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array(Khalesiet al.,2015).
49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable.LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panelet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Dual 10 Inch Top and Double 15 Bass Portable Multi-Functional Line Array Speaker System(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic(Hot Selling Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher. Furthermore,Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food.Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;10 Inch KTV System Woofer' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2014 Brand New A-Line White Lace V-Neck Organza Wedding Dresses Bridal Gowns).50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder), maintenance (RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub.Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers. Here,1-Bromo-3, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Low Price 4.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag.
Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag.
China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10(PCs). As can be seen in1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker,Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2(CSFM) is presented here as an example.99 Purity Peptides Oxytocin Injection Acetate 2mgillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Coreshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileZl08 0.8 Ton Agricultural Farm Articulated Mini Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inZinc Alloy Swimming Bicycle Table Tennis Sports Medal), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChina High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Boring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Setdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Apshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inStock Stainless Steel K-Lock Nuts Kep with External Tooth.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.CAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Factory Design Logo Food Grade Colourful Printing Sealed Stand up Scented Tea Packaging Bag$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Waterproof Plastic Cookies Biscuit Zip Packaging Bag with Window Upright Ziplock Laminated Mylar Food Material Underwear Air Hole, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Pet/PE/CPP Ziplock Plastic Clear Nut Package Dry Food Grade Bags. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Sales 2/3 Sides Seal Food Vacuum Pouches 70micron. Moreover,Heat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bag, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder), maintenance (RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Professional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Audio Speaker Single 10 Inch 300W Portable Stage Monitor PS10r2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Audio Speaker System Single 10 Inch Portable Mini Line Array Vr10-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Kraft Paper &Plastic Foil Laminated Mylar Food Packaging Container.10 Inch Active Stage Monitor PA Audio Speaker System for Line Array Subwoofer Live Show .Custom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly, Montreal. 265 pp. [Cheap Commercial Plywood for Construction Decoration and Furniture Use]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent .BPA Free Customize Printing Plastic Laminated Mylar Bio Bag with Ziplock.Custom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly, Montreal. 319 pp. [Hot Sale 301 401 Easy Opening Seal Can Round Empty Tin with Metal Caps]
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USBM. 1987.Professoinal Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Professional Audio Speaker,Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array -metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Superior Big Scale Full Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Hollow Brick Block Production Line]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TVMotorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18Corresponding author