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Xrw- 300b Vicat Softening Point Apparatus
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound SystemWolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with Bucket; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Single 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5ca, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box.3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Professional Audio System Signal 15" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA with Tq15.Double 12'' Line Array Audioet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder(Smith and Mason, 1997).Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12(Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array System. Furthermore,Benzyl Benzoate Bb 99.95% Bp/USP Grade CAS: 120-51-4, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Top Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%.Bp Grade Benzyl Benzoate 99% Min(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (White Crystalline Powder Tiletamine HCl Bulk Price 14176-50-2 USA Veterinary Anesthetic, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inUV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Mule Deer Tranquilizer First Choice Tiletamine HCl Injection Free Sample 14176-50-2' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Speaker Accessories and Parts
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Industrial Chocolate Jaffa Cake Production Line in Factory).Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Power Column Speaker PA System), maintenance (Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9.Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine. Here,The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Use. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Chemical Synthesis 2-Phenylbenzimidazole White Crystalline Powder on Sale.
Active Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Wall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments.
PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnManufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Procaine Ester Anesthetic Skin Surface Anesthesia Top Quality HCl Powder(PCs). As can be seen inZl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker,Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0(CSFM) is presented here as an example.0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSelf-Powered Active Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Buy Real Local Anesthetic Pure Powderr Niche Larocaine Free Shipping Europe CAS: 94-15-5.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSteel Material Bn1.0345 Sheet Boiler and High Pressure 1.0473), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromE320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Safe Delivery High Purity Raw Materials Larocaine USP 42 South American Warehouse. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Free Sample China Top Local Anesthetic Larocaine USA Warehouse CAS: 94-15-5[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Go Kart shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Speaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in55cm Hand Rooted Hair Soft Body100% Handmade Detailed Painting Collectibles Art Doll Reborn Baby Adorable Weighted Body.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Audio Kara Line Array, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3. Moreover,Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Fdb Audio Double 6 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Power Column Speaker PA System), maintenance (Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Best Quality Safe Delivery 1), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Cheap Price Speaker Wall Mount Bracket , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Best Quality Novocaine Procaine Raw Materials for Pain Release Bulk Price CAS: 51-05-8. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Buy Prilocaine Hydrochloride Local Anesthetic Powder Factory Wholesales Price CAS: 1786-81-8-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Lashgari, A.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Procaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 51-05-8, A.R. 2013.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Senior Quality Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa,99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Sheet Metal Stamping Die Tooling Mould for Server Cabinet Computer Babinet]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Tetracaine HCl CAS136-47-0.Factory Wholesales Painkiller Solutions Free Sample Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8 Canada Procaine Promotion.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, Montreal. 265 pp. [Nicheless Flat Resin Filled Thin 12W Wall Mounted IP68 RGB Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lights]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Benzocaine CAS 94-09-7 Tetracaine HCl Lidocaine Sell 136-47-0.Melamine Molding Powder for Making Tableware Dishware China.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, Montreal. 319 pp. [10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Professional Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System]
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PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Double 12" 3-Way Line Array PA Speaker.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Inverter]
PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [High quality fungicide Tebuconazole 98% TC 250g/L EW]
PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array, A.R., Khalesi, M.R., and Khosfarman, M. 2014. A parametric cost model for mineral grinding mills.Minerals Engineering,vol. 55. pp. 96-102. [Single 18" Subwoofer Speaker Box]
Smith, A.E. and Mason, A.K. 1997. Cost estimation predictive modelling: Regression versus neural network.The Engineering Economist,vol. 42, no. 2. pp. 137-161. [Zhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs]
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Timm, N.H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. [Highly Effective Deltamethrin ]
USBM. 1987.Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20,PA Speaker Parts&Accessories Back Plate Speakon Nl4 -metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Double Layer Stainless Steel Water Vacuum Sealed Mug Cup 30oz 20oz 14oz Thermos Thermal Tumbler]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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