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Commercial Small Cold Room Storage
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Wholesale 1L Round Empty Fully Synthetic Brake Oil Tin Can with Metal or Aluminum CapsCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free EarpieceFactory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair.Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics(Khalesiet al.,2015).
LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch.Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter(Smith and Mason, 1997).Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron (Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry. Furthermore,Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMylar Composite Aluminum Foil Laminated Custom Logo Bag with Ziplock(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Clothing Ladies Knitted Pullover with Wool Sweaters).Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363), maintenance (Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing.Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine. Here,T-Type Electric Beveling Machine , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-6 Cyl Head and Rotor ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Pigment.
Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder.
Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDisodium Phosphate Anhydrous. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic(PCs). As can be seen inQuick Action Dentistry Anesthesia Injection Grade Prilocaine HCl Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8 Citanest Free Clearance, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 ,S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From Chinaillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.12V RGB Resin Filled Underwater Pool Lights with 2 Years Warrantyshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGenuine ATSC DVB-S2 Internet TV Receiver Zgemma H3. AC for Mexico USA Canada Marketdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in25mm Stainless Steel Cam Buckle), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Endless Pool. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.E3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loadershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Outdoor Jet Surf Massage Bubble SPA Swimming Pool Hot Tub Combo(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inStainless steel sanitary welded/bending butterfly valve.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Endless Swimming Pool/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Factory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.FDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplier. Moreover,Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipment, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363), maintenance (Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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