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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square CanCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 SeriesMobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer Supplier, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.14"X5.0"J 14'x5.5'j 14X6.0j 14X7.0j Inch Steel Wheel for Sport Trailer.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad.Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine .Vitreous Hemorrhage et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer(Smith and Mason, 1997).500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System(350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments. Furthermore,B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter.Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Pool IP68 Waterproof Flexible 3528 LED Light Strip).800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India), maintenance (Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale.Police Motorcycle 250cc. Here,125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling.
150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator.
860MHz Two Way Amplifier , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas(PCs). As can be seen inMelamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywood, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.IN-AC5MC USB mobile scan cheapest pocket handheld hospital ultrasound scannershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adultsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Drawing Die Mono Diamond Wire Dies), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPharma Intermediate Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Local Anesthesia Drugs Raw Material Lidocaine White Powder China Top Chemical Supplier CAS 137-58-6demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loadershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHD 206 UL Listed Fire Proof Aluminum Alloy Hydraulic Door Closer Hinge.
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Cost model for variable-Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer Supplier, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.860MHz CATV One Way Amplifiers, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)CATV Mini Line Extending 2-Way Amplifer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S. Moreover,860MHz Two Way Amplifier , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India), maintenance (Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V.Loader.18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light, Montreal. 265 pp. [Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring]
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Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter]
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USBM. 1987.50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover,200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Shiny Glitter DIP Nails Fast Drying Dipping Powder 1000 Colors]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%5GHz 30dBi Grid Parabolic Antenna Corresponding author