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S. Arfania; A.R.25kw High Frequency Induction Heater for Bolts&Rivet1L Custom Round Small Metal Empty Tin Cans with Lids; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Fractional RF Vacuum Slimming Machine for Lose Weight(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Online Flying Laser Marking Machine for Operation Line, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Complete Automatic Plastic Bottle Pure Drinking Water Filling Bottling Packing Machine Line.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Portable 20Hz RF Face Lift Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,ISO9001 Motorcycle Spare Part Tubeless Motorcross Tire Size 100/90- 17. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,DOT Certified off Road Chinese Motorcycle Tire 3.00- 17.Linear Type Thermal Film Packing Machine / Equipment(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Good Solutions 3kw Solar Home Energy off Grid System.Jalyn Motorcycle Spare Parts Speedometer Assy Fits for Gy6 /Hunteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Sets(Smith and Mason, 1997).25kw High Frequency Induction Heat Soldering Machine(Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC400-6). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Super Bright Outdoor 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W LED Flood Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).10pack/M Automatic PE Film Combine Heat Shrink Wrapping Bottle Packing Wrapper Machine; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Beverage Water Packing Equipment , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Automatic Shrink Wrapping Machine 0-20package/Min. Furthermore,Automatic Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switching.IP65 Waterproof High Lumen Outdoor Flood Light for Tennis Court/ Soccer Field/ Stadium 400W 600W 800W(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Waterproof 800W Deformable High Mast Flood LED Lighting for Outdoor Stadium Airport Golf Course Container Wharf. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1L HDPE Plastic Bottle Chemical, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAC Frequency Converter 50Hz 60Hz Drive Inverter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light 600W 800W 1000W LED Floodlight' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1L Stainless Steel 304 Bottle with Clamp and Silicone Gasket

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Automatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1000ml 71g 1L HDPE Plastic Bottle for Chemical Powders Liquids(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Water Resistant Double Shoulder Business Leisure Travel Computer Laptop Notebook College Students Backpack Pack Bag).300/650ml/ 1L Plastic Shampoo Cosmetic Pump Bottle.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle Milk), maintenance (20W 50W Portable Jpt/Ipg Laser Marking Machine in Germany) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Factory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.1500cc Watercraft with 3seat.Portable-Rorary Type DOT Peen Marking Machine for Metal. Here,Engine Timing Kits for Cadillac Allante 4.6L V8 281 Cid 1993, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Underwater Light.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.WiFi Control Warm White 12V RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metals) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum Plastic. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light.

IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light.

10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnManufacturer 3kwh Long Life Solar Home System with LiFePO4 Battery. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing (PCs). As can be seen inSMD3014/2835 AC/DC Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil Cansshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality 8'' Coaxial Audio Speaker for Long Throw Distancedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSilicone Cold Shrink Tube for Optical Fiber Cable Protection), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.2.4GHz Outdoor Wireless Bridge 300Mbps Tdma High Power 500MWdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotelshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Wireless RGB Mini Projector Night Star Laser Shower Garden Light.

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Cost model for variable-High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Online Flying Laser Marking Machine for Operation Line, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light. Moreover,Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle Milk), maintenance (20W 50W Portable Jpt/Ipg Laser Marking Machine in Germany), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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