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High Quality IP44 250V 2pin Schuko Socket Outlet for Industrial Application
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Portable OEM Rechargeable 12V 40ah 80ah Lithium Ion Battery with MPPT and InverterCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33High Adhesion Polyurethane PU Resin for Printing Ink; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M F(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924(Sector Antenna 5GHz). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150sn902. Furthermore,Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls.New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Transparent Nylon 12 Resin Raw Material Polyamide Granules. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNootropic Powder 99% Noopept/Gvs-111 Manufacturer CAS 157115-85-0 Best Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Free samples super soft baby diaper used sleepy disposable).Transparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch), maintenance (Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Sliding Mechanism) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hot Selling PP PE Masterbatch Yellow.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Bag) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection.Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4. Here,Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145.
PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod.
Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655(PCs). As can be seen inFree Clearance USP40 Tetracaine Base Skin Surface Anesthesia Pain Reliever Cream CAS: 94-24-6, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Frequency Induction Heater shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inEn14683 Disposable China Medical Supplies Non Woven Surgical Face Mask Medical/Hospital Use Doctor's Bfe 95 99 3-Ply Earloop 17.5*9.5cm Blue Color), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromZl08f Mini Hydraulic 4WD Compact Shovel Wheel Loader for Sale) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theaterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylindersshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inOutdoor Advertising Car Logo Pylon.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch), maintenance (Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Sliding Mechanism), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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