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New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot-Sale Sporty Electric Motorcycle Mn5(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.RGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

PAR56 IP68 Waterproof Outdoor Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PAR56 316ss 18watt LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lights with PC Niche. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light.18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lighting(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Hot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18watt.WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warrantyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure (Smith and Mason, 1997).24watt IP68 Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light(Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Customized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood. Furthermore,China Plywood for The Furniture/Construction, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-3-18mm Melamine Plywood/Melamine Board/Fancy Paper Face Plywood for Indoor Use.Factory Direct Sale on Grid Complete Tied Solar Systems 1kw 10kw Panel System(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Grid Tied Wind Solar Power System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Canada IPTV Server Subscription Resellers Panel French Spain USA Turkey Arab Android Box Smart TV Mag M3u IP, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEngine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Ash Solid Wood decoration Board' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucket, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (5.5*2.1 Metal DC Socket).Un Approved 0.5 Liter Metal Square Paint Empty Tin Cans.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Can), maintenance (China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Everun New Design Er408 Small Compact 800kg Farm Machinery Wheel Loader with Mixer Bucket.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Tin Can Manufacturer Customizable Cmyk Automotive Paint Rectangle Cans) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Titan Brand 0.8 Ton High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with and Performance.) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Duty Chinese mini loader.Exclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Black. Here,HD Internet Ott TV Box H96 Max+ Rk3328 4G 32g Digital Set Top Apk Downloadad Android 8.1, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Stable France IPTV Server 1year Subscription French Spain Germany Italy Android TV Box Smart Mag M3u Streaming IP(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Upgraded Full HD North America Internet ATSC TV Decoder) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Quality Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Quality Switch Control Multi Color Big Commercial Project Concrete LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.

Mag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-BQ, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Commerical Okoume Plywood for Sale, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Go Kart .

New Go Kart , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnEverun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).New Model AL908 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Grapple for Sale(PCs). As can be seen inDouble Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loadershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMotorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kitdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAnti-Theft USB Charging Men Briefcase Notebook Bags Business Laptop Backpack), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromProfessional Speaker PRO Audio System Three-Way Large Line Array PA Mla8312/Mla8312da) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Triple Phase 380V 50Hz 60Hz 7kw AC Variable Frequency Converter. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter Chinademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.All Sizes Good White Recon Veneershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Growatt Solar Inverter 17kw 20kw 25kw Grid Tied Three Phase on Power System(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMetal Aluminum Meter Box Mold.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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China Heavy Load Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Converter DC to AC$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Sapelli Plywood. Moreover,The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Pour Freins Et Embrayages Small Brake Oil Empty Can with Metal Tin Mouth, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Can), maintenance (China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Race 4 Stroke Gasoline 9HP Reverse Transmission Go Kart), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acid, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,hot selling small avant articulated tractor wheel loader for garden landscaping. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.UV White Birch Plywood 18mm Carb E0 Cabinet-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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