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2014 Hot Sale Chicken Bakery Equipments /Rotary Oven
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,White Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Highlighted LED Electric Motorcycle with 60V 800W Power System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,AC 3 Phase 380V Compact Vectorial Inverter Frequency 220V. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Speed Full Size Adult 800W Z1000 Electric Motorcycle.AC Drives Frequency Inverter for Dyeing Machine(Khalesiet al.,2015).
1220*2440*18mm Birch Plywood with Carb P2 Standard Quality.Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in Chinaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous CAS No 7558- 79 -4(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Wholesales Wheel Loader HR912 with Pallet Forks(Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Carb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furniture; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale. Furthermore,Mimo Antenna 13dBi CPE, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1220X2440X9mm Carb P2 Glue Bleached Poplar Plywood for Furniture.5GHz 25dBi Dual Pol Enclosure Antenna(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Bleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA Column Speaker Empty Alu. Cabinet 4.5" (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Newest Kids Pedal Electric Drift Crazy Kart Go' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Whole Sale Hammerhead 150cc Go Kart with Parts, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Earthmoving Equipments Mini Wheelloader Wl80 Loader Radlader(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Disposable Instant Cold Pack).10MHz Linear Vascular/Anesthesia Portable Wireless Ultrasound Scanner.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe), maintenance (WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System Home.Solar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solution. Here,CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Wolf Agricultural Machinery Construction Small Front End Wheel Loader with Euro5 and Tier4 Engine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Portable Medical Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Pachymeter with B Probe for Eyes(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Ce Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna.
Jy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
2021 New Arrival China Supplying Internet TV Set Top Box Smart 4K HD 4GB Android 9 Amlogic S922X, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna.
16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiser, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnoff Road 200cc Motorcycle for Hot Sale. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed(PCs). As can be seen inLanbowan 4.9-6.5GHz 30dBi 2FT MIMO Dish Antenna, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery,Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hair Loss Treatment Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 827306-88-7 Purity Min 99% Powdershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in250g Black Sesame Flavor Digestive Fibre Replacement Meal Biscuits), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTetracaine Ophthalmic Solution Quick Reaction White Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touareg[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Sell Good Quality Best China Manufacturer Factory Price Transvaginal Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSuper Brightness SMD3528 60LEDs/m 12V LED Strip Light.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Medical Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer in Low Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,White Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Biometer & Pachymeter Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine, indicated inCPP High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for Sale, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Chinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital. Moreover,Apr125 White Motorcycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Apr125 Red Motorcycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe), maintenance (WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Apr125-2 White Motorcycle), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,IN-AC5MC USB mobile scan cheapest pocket handheld hospital ultrasound scanner. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Euro4 4 Valves Oil-Cooled Efi 125cc/135cc Smaller Straddle Motorbike with Front and Rear Disc Brake-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter Motorcycle.New Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Power.350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Model, Montreal. 319 pp. [High Quality with Good Price Oxytetracycline HCl Powder]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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