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ASTM Plush Dog Stuffed Animal Labrador Retriever Soft Toy
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
High Performance Vector Control 1pH 220V VFD Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric MotorCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Jwell PP/PC Sheet Extrusion EquipmentWater Treatment Disodium Phosphate ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Manual Lifter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Toughness High Engineering Plastics 610 for Auto Parts.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Line.Automatic Tool Changing CNC Router with 9kw Hsd Spindle. Wood Door Carving Atc(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Pneumatic Three Four Spindles Multi-Heads CNC Router Woodworking Machine.Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Hot Sale Professional Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array(Smith and Mason, 1997).Tank Dust Removing Machine with Filter Cartridge(Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Quadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machinery; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Factory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinery, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Equipment. Furthermore,45cm High Tray Toughened Glass Curved Quadrant Shower Cabin, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Bathroom 8mm Glass Full Arc Quadrant Enclosed Shower Door.Plastic Pipe Production Extrusion Line(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Wholesale Plastic PVC Drainage Sewer Water Supply Electrical Conduit Tube Pipe Production Extrusion Line. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (New Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Door, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCe Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Offset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubicles' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,EPDM 50 Duro As568 Rubber O Ring
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cheap Price Nice Mini Seal Viton/FKM X Rings, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Rectangle Sliding Strip Glass Door Quadrant Bathroom (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Manufacture Polo T Shirt Men100% Polyester Plain Shirts).Shurong Made Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec CAS No. 52918-63-5.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Enclosure AS3912T-90), maintenance (PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production Line) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitator.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Wear-Resistant PU O Ring) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Line) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Acrylic Film Quadrant Frosted Glass Shower Cubicle with Low Tray .Plastic PVC CPVC UPVC Sewage/ Pressure Pipe& Electrical Conduit Cable Pipe/Tube /Single Corrguated Pipe . Here,Plastic HDPE Pipe Production Line, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collector.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Dust Collector for Granite Welding(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dust Collector Cages Surface Grinding Machine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Dust Collector Hammer Mill Shaker. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Gold Dust Collector Cement Filter Bag.
Low Water Absorption Polymer 610, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Impact Strength and Low Water Absorption Resin 610, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
CAS No. 63428-84-2 Good Quality Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Plastic PE Pipe Production Line.
Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ring. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Carrier Forklift(PCs). As can be seen inAC Drive Variable Drive, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Insecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% EC,Pesticide Deltamethrin 98% TC(CSFM) is presented here as an example.0.75kw Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hzillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Solvent Violet G 49 for Plasticshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileRadlader Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Agriculture Workdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,King Quenson Best Selling Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp Insecticide Manufacturer.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWedding Dress), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDual 12 Inch Powered Line Array Active Sound System W-210bp) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Cabin AS-2800. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Efficiency 10inch Transducers PS10 for Best PA Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Driveshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PE Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/HDPE Production Line/Plastic HDPE/LDPE /PPR Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBio-Nematicide Abamectin/Avermectin 1.8% Ew.
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Cost model for variable-Water/Gas-Supply PP PE HDPE Plastic Pipe/Tube Extrusion Making Machine
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Jwell Plastic PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe/Tube/ Window Profile/Sheet /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Plastic PE PP HDPE PPR Pipe Making Machine Extrusion Production Line; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Water and Gas Supply HDPE Pipe Extrusion Production Line 315mm. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Ink, indicated inHealth Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmide, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Easy Operating Manual Hand Pallet Truck Forklift Scale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink. Moreover,20 mm 20mm PVC Pipe Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Enclosure AS3912T-90), maintenance (PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production Line), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Polyamide PA Resin CAS No.: 63428-84-2 for Untreated Film Sunmide), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Paper Gravure Printing Ink, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Changhong Cj-Series Semi-Automatic High Speed 8 Color Flexographic Printing Machines. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Health-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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