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Electric Motorcycle Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Top Sale Chinese CE Certification New Adult Racing Electric Motorcycle 350WHigh Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Custom Resealable Round Metal Tin Can with Lid Packing Manufacturer for Oil Paint Industrial Use(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,350W 60V 20ah E Scooter Thorttle Motorcycles Electric with Pedals Disc Brake Bicycle for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Use.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

0.8t 800kg Small Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Direct High Quality Glue Round Tin Cans with Brush. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,350-1500W 48-72V Smart Cheap Motorcycle for Adults Heavy Duty Electric.Cute Street Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Lady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah.Reconstituted Composite Woven Veneer Braidedet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507(Smith and Mason, 1997).Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult(Cheap Price Electric Four Wheels Environment Protection Car for Adults). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket. Furthermore,Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter.7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSteel Copper Aluminum Iron DOT Peen Marking Machine with Rotary(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,15HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single Phase(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (China Stainless Steel Sanitary Manual Clamped Butterfly Valves).Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance), maintenance (Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate.2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedal. Here,Pencil Cedar Veneer Medium Denstiy Fiberboards for Stairs, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Technical Wood Veneer MDF Boards for Cupboard.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quality Small Metal Tin Can with Open Top Lid for Lubricant(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Long Using Life Shuttering Plywood with Logo for Construction) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Huihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Solar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution.

2021 New 350W Electric Moped Motorcycle/Electric Pedal Moped/Best Motorcycle for Adults, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Dah Complete on Grid Solar System Easy Install 30kw 50kw Tied Power, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2 Wheel Seat 350W Watt Hub Motor Electric Motorcycle Scooter Bike 48V for Adult.

10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roof, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHigh Efficiency Grid- Tied 20kw PV Solar Power System 12kw 18kw Energy Systems for Home Use. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).0.75kw Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz(PCs). As can be seen inGMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Power Speaker Dual 10 " PRO/Professional Audio Line Array shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1 Liter Metal Square Tin Can with Screw Lid for Oil Paint Chemical.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2D Plastic Keychain with Customized Anime Figures), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Hot Sell High Quality Rimonabant Acomplia Fat Burning Steroid) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.500ml 16oz Round Metal Glue Tin Can with Screw Top Brush for Chemical. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Acrylic Film Quadrant Frosted Glass Shower Cubicle with Low Tray demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Chinese Factory for Vitamin a Palmitate 0.25miu Powdershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFire Rated Fireproof 3CCT Switchable Dimmable Driver 8W 3000K 4000K IP65 Down Light for Indoor.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,350W 60V 20ah E Scooter Thorttle Motorcycles Electric with Pedals Disc Brake Bicycle for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Lady$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery. Moreover,1000W 2 Wheel 60V 72V Mobility Scooter Electrical Motorcycle for Adult, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Chinese Best Cheap Electric Scooter Korea Hot Sell 48V Thailand Motorcycle with Pedal, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance), maintenance (Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W Power Motor with USB), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control Bike, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-850 Alicosolar 5kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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