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White Banquet Wedding Chair
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Pharmaceutical Chemical 1-Hydroxypyrene CAS 5315- 79 -7Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Seaweed Iodine Factory Price Wholesale 99% with Chemical CAS/ 68333- 79 -9Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Purity Retinol Palmitate Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
GMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Qige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Factory Price Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS 206986- 79 -0.Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System.High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Frequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter(Smith and Mason, 1997).Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch(Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switching). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag. Furthermore,3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag.Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.10'' Red Steel Woofer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAgricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wholesale Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver and Brass Bracelet).Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee), maintenance (Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable.LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel. Here,High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging.
Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker.
10 Inch KTV System Woofer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker,99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9(CSFM) is presented here as an example.12kw Grid Tied Solar Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Lightshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in25cm Artifical Foam Rose Soap Bear Gift Box for Children and Mothers Day), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSolar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connector) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hot Selling Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inG80 Alloy Steel Chain Sling Lifting Eye Hook with Latch.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Purity Retinol Palmitate Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers, indicated in1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
1-Bromo-3$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Low Price 4, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset. Moreover,High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee), maintenance (Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution.Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory.Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut, Montreal. 265 pp. [Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2.CAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;.Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut, Montreal. 319 pp. [381323 80mAh 3.7V Battery for Earphone Campact Lithium Polymer]
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Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Professional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery]
Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Yishan 160HP swamp dozer TS160G with air conditioner]
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USBM. 1987.Professional Audio Speaker Single 10 Inch 300W Portable Stage Monitor PS10r2,D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker -metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Factory Supply High Quality Ceramic Stoneware Mug]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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