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Plywood Machine Manufacturers
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Vimode Buy 2021 Newest 48V Electric Motorcycles Made in China 800WCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Beverage Water Packing Equipment 99% BMK White Powder Glycidate Bulk Sales CAS: 16648-44-5; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Automatic Shrink Wrapping Machine 0-20package/Min(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Automatic Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switching.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
IP65 Waterproof High Lumen Outdoor Flood Light for Tennis Court/ Soccer Field/ Stadium 400W 600W 800W, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Waterproof 800W Deformable High Mast Flood LED Lighting for Outdoor Stadium Airport Golf Course Container Wharf. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1L HDPE Plastic Bottle Chemical.Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light 600W 800W 1000W LED Floodlight(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Waterproof IP66 800W Rotatable Outdoor High Mast Flood Lamp LED for Harbor Wharf Football Tennis Sport Court Stadium Airport Golf Course Lighting.Waterproof IP66 Adjustable High Power LED Stadium Lamp 100W 200W 300W 400W 600W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W Flood Lightet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stock(Polyamide Resin Hot Melt Adhesive). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Fast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1L Stainless Steel 304 Bottle with Clamp and Silicone Gasket; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Automatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.1000ml 71g 1L HDPE Plastic Bottle for Chemical Powders Liquids. Furthermore,300/650ml/ 1L Plastic Shampoo Cosmetic Pump Bottle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle Milk.20W 50W Portable Jpt/Ipg Laser Marking Machine in Germany(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHaolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,WiFi Control Warm White 12V RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metals, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum Plastic(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Automatic Corrugated Carton Folder Gluer and Packing Machine).8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light), maintenance (IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Manufacturer 3kwh Long Life Solar Home System with LiFePO4 Battery.Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing . Here,IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike .
High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line.
1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCe ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory(PCs). As can be seen inProfessional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch 1800W 103dB Bass with Wa21820, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack,25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Passive Double 10 Inch Proal Audios Sound System Line Array Speakers for Direct Saleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Horn Speaker L-Acoustics Kudo Line Array+ PA System Array Boxshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanoldemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMen's Perfume 3 Sets of Durable Fragrance Refreshing Ocean Cologne Gift Box), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from12inch KTV Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cheap Price Origin Brushless 800W Motor Electric Motorcycle Made in Chinademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.32dBi 5GHz WLAN Antennashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Quality Classic Movie Character Car Table Decoration Miniature Action Figure Gift for Halloween Day.
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Cost model for variable-Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Automatic Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Mc4y Solar Connector. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV, indicated inRound Shape Paint Chemical Coating 1L Metal Tin Can / Canister with Lid, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Wrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine. Moreover,Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light), maintenance (IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Mc4 Electronic Connector), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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