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Aogrand 75% Alcohol Hand Sanitizer Disinfectant Gel OEM/ODM Cleace
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Flood Light 800W IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Lighting 80000 Lumens LED FloodlightCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Outdoor Jet Surf Massage Bubble SPA Swimming Pool Hot Tub ComboSolis 10kw Grid Tied Inverter Solis-10K-4G-LV Three Phases; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Plastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Endless Swimming Pool, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment.Factory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine.FDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplieret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Light Luxury Ins Style Super Soft Latex Fabric Sofa Nordic Small Family Living Room Double Three People Down(Smith and Mason, 1997).Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipment(Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China. Furthermore,Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament.PLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSamsung 55inch 3X3 Digital Signage Display Screen 3.5mm Narrow Bezel(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Portable in-Ear Invisible Headphones with Charging Case' names:
►Jwell Raincoat TPU Film Extrusion Machine: based on 36-foot,Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huawei,Hot Selling Headset Bluetooth Wireless Headphone with Charger Case,Wireless Headphones 6-Hr Playing Time Mini Bluetooth Earbud with Microphone, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Super Design Mini Earpieces Headset Wireless Earphones for Huawei
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huawei(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Quick Wash Hand Sanitizer for Virus Killer Effectively Hand Sanitizer Gel).Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box), maintenance (Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool Accessories) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (PVC Plastic Marble Board/Plate/Wall Extruder) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Food Additive Granular Dihydrate Disodium Phosphate.Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Food Grade. Here,E320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Disodium Phosphate Food Grade Manufacturer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Ammonium Polyphosphate APP-II CAS No. 68333- 79 -9.
High Quality Disodium Phosphate Sell by Factory, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous Food Additive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Head Gasket , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate .
High Quality , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnK20 K30 Tungsten Carbide Thread Rod with Double Helix Hole or Straight. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Customized Carbide Spare Parts Assembly Orifice Main Valve Pulser(PCs). As can be seen in4.8kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home Portable Power Generators, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Chinese Manufacture Jcb332/Y6195 Universal Cylinder Seal Kit,Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl Kit(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panelsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabinshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWLAN WiFi Yagi Antennademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Industrial Grade SHMP .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOwl Shap Acrylic Custom Wholesale LED Neon Sign), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Free Standing LCD Advertising Display) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speeddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Priceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.K10 K20 P30 Tungsten Carbide Plate Strips for Cutting(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWorktop Island.
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Cost model for variable-Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Cat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Pigment Violet 1 Toner for Ink; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Endless Swimming Pool, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Solvent Violet 59 . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application, indicated inDual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Solvent Violet 11$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solvent Violet G 49 for Plastic, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Solvent Violet 10b 9. Moreover,Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box), maintenance (Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,ASTM A790 Uns S31803 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Manufacture High Quality PLA Silk Color Masterbatch-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 702- 79 -4 99% Pure 1Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium MagnetCorresponding author