GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine125541 -22-2 Piperidine 1-N-Boc-4- ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.L-Pyroglutamic Acid.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Longyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0.High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate (Khalesiet al.,2015).

Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2.Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmeticet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for New Design Converter 220V 380V DC AC Inverter Motor Pump VFD Power High Quality(Smith and Mason, 1997).Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6(Guitar / Bass Tuner ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pipe Bevelling Machine ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade. Furthermore,Green Color HDPE Masterbatch, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Blue Masterbatch for Film.Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yellow HDPE Masterbatch. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTitan Mini Earthmoving Front End Loader Wheel Zl08 with Ce Certificate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Easy Installed Solar off Grid System 2kw 10kw for Industry).Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits), maintenance (Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Plastic Green Color Masterbatch.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System.High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371. Here,Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Master Batch Organic Colors) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Orange Color Masterbatch. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch.

Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality.

Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery(PCs). As can be seen inCan Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality,Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Maskillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Crystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural Fertilizershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 paneldemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 New 100% Natural 10ml Bergamot Essential Oil Massage Aromatherapy OEM), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromO-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.99% Amide Type Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream USP 2.5% Local Anesthetic Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escootershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBest Smoking Mini Disposable Cigarette Slim Ecigs.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Transparent Nylon 12 Resin Raw Material Polyamide Granules. Moreover,PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits), maintenance (Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Nylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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