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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year WarrantyCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4Sapelli Plywood; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod.Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasseset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571(on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014. Furthermore,1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSpoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Stainless Steel 17-4pH ' names:
►Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate: based on 36-foot,ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690,Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price,Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Sweetheart Organza Mermaid Wedding Dresses).Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A), maintenance (Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470.Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone. Here,Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub.
Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair.
Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnLDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine(PCs). As can be seen inTrolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014,Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Timeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAluminium Foil Zip Lock Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Plasticdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inEmblem), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromV8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Gt1749V demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bagshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inEU Fr It Standard Wireless WiFi Smart Socket with APP/Voice Control for Home.
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Cost model for variable-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173, indicated inBrand New Loader Mini Garden Farm Zl08 Wheel, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Ammonium Polyphosphate $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate. Moreover,Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A), maintenance (Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Stc-50kw/62.5kVA Three Phase AC Brush Alternator for Diesel Generator]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA380V 50 60Hz Solar Pump Inverter Motor Speed Controller Variable FrequencyCorresponding author