GENERAL PAPERS

Quadrant Framed Shower Enclosure/ Cabin / Cubicle Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical FertilizerAnti-Aging and Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Nitrogen Fertilizer Color Granular Ammonium Sulphate 20.5+24s.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

China Suppliers Alone Type Wraped Beam Disc Machenism Padlock, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Dust Proof Steel Shackle Padlocks with Master Key. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Padlock-G38PDP.Breaker Lock(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Padlock.Alone Type Wraped Beam Leaves Iron Padlock et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio(Smith and Mason, 1997).Fuso Truck & Bus Turbo Td04 49377-03041 Me201258 for 4m40 Engine Mitsubishi Pajero(Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Home Power 20 Kw Energy). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Gt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Engine Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz Om906 La K27.2 Om366/Om642/Om362/Om441/Om442/Om447/Om457; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Gt1544sm Tdi Engine Bnm 045253019d 733783-5008s 733783-5007s Turbo, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Universal Turbo T3t4 T04e T3.63 Ar + 76mm 3" Intercooler Pipe Piping Kit. Furthermore,Truck Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz/Chrysler/Dodge Om647 Gt2256 6470900280 736088-0003, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-FPM FKM Viton EPDM SBR Cr Silicone NBR Rubber Parts.Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Gt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inVelvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0302(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (12oz Custom Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Wine Glass Tumbler).Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine), maintenance (Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7.L-Pyroglutamic Acid. Here,Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Longyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic.

Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Pipe Bevelling Machine , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder.

Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnGreen Color HDPE Masterbatch. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Blue Masterbatch for Film(PCs). As can be seen inYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Yellow HDPE Masterbatch,Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit(CSFM) is presented here as an example.1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Freeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Competitive 3 Phase Pump Power Inverter 3000W 50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Convertershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resindemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 New Arrival Made in China Soft Enamel Custom Metal Cutain Lapel Pin), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast Deliverydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Pet/PE/CPP Ziplock Plastic Clear Nut Package Dry Food Grade Bagsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inOriginal Natural Nuvolao Blue Mare Marble Quartzite Slab for Building.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Plastic Green Color Masterbatch, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail. Moreover,L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine), maintenance (Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Master Batch Organic Colors-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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