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50Hz 440V 3phase 500kVA Dongfeng Dcec Cummins Engine Qsz13-G3 400kw Diesel Generator
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel LoaderCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Two-Way Full Range 1000W Professional Power SpeakerCAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Free Clearance Local Anesthetic Pontocaine Topical Tetracaine Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Factory Supply Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 High Quality and Safety Guarantee 1009 14 9 / 1009149.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Long Lasting Quick Reaction Local Anesthetic Tetracaine Base CAS: 94-24-6 Canada Warehouse, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Tetracaine Ophthalmic Solution Quick Reaction White Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6.Single 5"Two-Way Full-Range Loudspeaker Small Scale Indoor with Tx5c(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Qualty Line Array Loudspeaker.DSP Active Line Array Speakeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Plastic PVC CPVC UPVC Sewage/ Pressure Pipe& Electrical Conduit Cable Pipe/Tube /Single Corrguated Pipe (Smith and Mason, 1997).Neodymium 12inch 932lap Professional Powered DSP Line Array Speaker(Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)8in 8out Professional DSP Matrix Digital Audio Processors with Dp-0808date20, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1220; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx820, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Recording Studio Equipment Vera Series Super Power Speaker Box. Furthermore,New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx620, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Manufacturer Wholesales Exwork Price for Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Base 137-58-6 Vietnam Xylocaine.1800W 103dB Bass Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch with Wa21820(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Line Array Horn of Professional Audio 170L*160W*140h 1" . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Single 18'' Low Frequency Sub-Bass, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Feedback Tied Malaysian Virgin Hair(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Loudspeaker 18 Inch Active Subwoofer DSP Function with Wa118SA' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Single 15 Inch High Quality Bass
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Audio Speaker Column Sound Equipment, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch 1800W 103dB Bass with Wa21820(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Crystal Grey Quartz Stone).Srx715 Sing 15" Professional Speaker.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Aclon DSP3500 Professional DJ Sound Speakers DSP Powered Line Array), maintenance (Small Column White Color Church Conference Room Speaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Arc Shaped Column Speaker for Restaurant and Shopping Mall.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Peq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwoofer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional DJ Line Array Sound Speakers DSP Powered Loudspeaker Amplifier) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Theater Professional Line Array Speaker.15' Water-Proof Installation Long-Throw Speaker with 100V Transformer. Here,Guangzhou Skytone Vera S18 18'' New Design Line Array Subwoofer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Double 6inch Powered Line Array Speaker.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Export 99% Purity Chlorhexidine CAS55-56-1 with Lowest Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Free Clearance Surface Anesthesia of Eyes) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Free Clearance USP40 Tetracaine Base Skin Surface Anesthesia Pain Reliever Cream CAS: 94-24-6. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Purity 9-Hydroxyfluorene CAS 1689-64-1 with Good Price in Stock.
CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plastics, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Vrx932 Horn Line Array Professional Manufacturer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Srx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System.
Vera 12 Loudspeaker Line Array Speaker System, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnProfessional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Single 15" Plastic Powered Speaker(PCs). As can be seen in30W Bird Rings Machine Laser Marker with Rotation Working Table, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Double 6" Professional Speaker Line Array,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediate(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Sunpal 150kw Solar Grid Tied System Low Priceillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.IP65 Waterproof High Lumen Outdoor Flood Light for Tennis Court/ Soccer Field/ Stadium 400W 600W 800Wshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileE3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapersdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Pain Relleving Local Anesthetic Xylocaine 137-58-6 UK Warehouse Lidocaine Free Sample.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDie Zp9 Logo Mold Pill Punch Press Round Tablet), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Best Quality Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 Ukraine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.100 PCS High Quality Resealable Hair Top Wig Clear Transparent Ziplock Bag Plastic Food Packaging for Oildemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional Loudspeaker Single 5" Coaxial Full Range Speaker with CF5[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Supply Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7 with Fast Deliveryshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Vrx932la Compact Line Array Speaker System(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in12V 15V 24V 48V AC to DC Us /EU/Au/UK Plug Power Adapter.
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Cost model for variable-Vrx932la Dual Voice Coil Line Array Speaker Box
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Loudspeaker Line-Array Speaker Sound Audio System with Vr112/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Aluminum Speaker Box for 3" Column ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Free Clearance Local Anesthetic Pontocaine Topical Tetracaine Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bass, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS. Moreover,Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Aclon DSP3500 Professional DJ Sound Speakers DSP Powered Line Array), maintenance (Small Column White Color Church Conference Room Speaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Single 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5ca), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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