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Bfe95% Disposable Protective 3ply Surgical Medical Face Mask for Doctor with Earloop
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
China 125cc 150cc Scooter Euro 4 Stroke Motorbike Moped EPA 49cc 50cc Electric Carburetor EEC GasCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Chinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed ControllerLithium Polymer Battery Mica 3.7V Mc602540 550mAh Li Pack for Electronic Device; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.AC Drive Solar Charge Controller 3 pH Inverter Welding Machine Elevator Motor Price(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Lowest Price.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
VFD AC Drive, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 V. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Water Pump Frequency Inverter.Small Variable-Frequency Drive (Khalesiet al.,2015).
VFD Motor Drive Inverter Converter 1.5kw / 2.2kw 220V Variable Frequency.VFD AC 380V 1.5kw Three Phase Inverter Frequency Converter Variable Driveet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines(Smith and Mason, 1997).Variable Speed Drive MPPT Motor Controller Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply(All Trans Retinoic Acid 99.5% 100g Bag High Crystal CAS: 302- 79 -4). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Compact Mini Farm Loader 800kg Wheel for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Frequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loader, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Loading Machine. Furthermore,Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce.Farm Equipment 800kg Small Loader Payloader for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Three Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLevamisole Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 16595-80-5(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Android TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player' names:
►China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Sale: based on 36-foot,Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch,Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale,Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Converter 0.5 HP
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,125HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (IPL RF ND YAG Laser 3 in 1/ E-Light RF Opt Shr Hair Tattoo Removal Multifunction Beauty Machine).AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump), maintenance (AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hz.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (3 Phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Variable Drive Manufacturer Solar Modules) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Box) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Amlogic S905X3 X96 Air 2g 16g Android 9.0 Media Player.Customized Supported Android 9.0 X96 Air Media Box. Here,Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CE, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks.
AC Drive Output and Triple Frequency Converter 60 Hz 50 Power Supply, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Titan Brand 0.8 Ton Farm Garden Use Mini Smalll Wheel Loader for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Mini Wheel Loader Hot Sale with Pallet Fork Zl908, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,220V 3HP Frequency Converter.
AC Frequency Converter2HP 1phase, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnChina Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter(PCs). As can be seen inDual 10 Inch Line Array for Church , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader,Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact(CSFM) is presented here as an example.800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargadorillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while10inch Loudspeaker PA Speaker PRO Audiodemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in15HP 15kw 20kw Industrial Air Cooled Package Ducted Conditioner), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromProfessional Body Contouring Cellulite Removal RF Vacuum Roller Velashape 3 Slimming Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ce. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Body Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Loudspeaker Single 5" Coaxial Full Range Speaker with CF5shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.G52 Gt-King Controls Android Pendoo Freesat 9.0 Smart 64GB Recarga Octa Core TV Box 4K(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inImpact Crusher.
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Cost model for variable-Variable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous Motor
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Vectron Frequency Inverter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Zl08f Mini Small Farm Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Best Price. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.OEM/ODM T95 Allwinner H616 Android 10.0 6K 4GB 32GB Box 4K Remote Control Smart TV, indicated inDC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 1.5kw, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Beautiful Design T95 RAM 4GB ROM 32GB Allwinner H616 Universal 4K TV Android 10.0 Set Top Box$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Eougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loader, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Power Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive. Moreover,Inverter AC Drive, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Power and Triple Output Type Static Electric Motor AC Inverter Solar Speed Control, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump), maintenance (AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Small Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.DC/AC Drive Inverter Solar Pump Converter 1.5kw Motor Green Energy, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturer 380V 4kw 3 Phase Inverter Washing Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Frequency Converter Variable Drive 50Hz to 60Hz 2HP 2. Kw 1 Phase-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
China Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for SubmersibleChina Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling BoxCorresponding author