GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 30kwDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160p3125q; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.3 Liter High Quality Customized Square Printed Tin Cans for Oil/Paint(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Metal Tin with Steel Handle for Paint, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Innopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Manufacturer Wholesale Good Quality Empty 1lt Metal Paint Glue Tin Cans with Lever Flat Pry Lid, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kw.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 18kw(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Screw Top Metal Tin Can, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inStainless Steel 17-4pH (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,5L Rectangle Metal Aluminium Chemical Paint Oil Easy Open Tin Can

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Non -Cabin, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Price(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality LED Strip Light RGB Neon).1389 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install), maintenance (6000W Single Phase Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China Cheap Colour Optional Electric Motorcycle for Adults) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Good Quality 2-Wheel Electric Motorcycle 500-1000W Scooter in Stock) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.China Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Delivery. Here,Hot Sale Factory Direct Other Motorcycles Electric Bike with Price 48V Adults Two Wheels Motorcycle 500W, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-World IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Apple.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adult(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cheaper Long Range off Road Best Selling Hot China Xindazhou Products Motorcycle Electric Adult) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor China. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Mini Dumper Wolf Wl80 Loader with CE.

Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 0.75kw, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box.

Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kw. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Europe Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoon(PCs). As can be seen inVimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220V,Small Fquequency Inverter/Converter for Mini Motor(CSFM) is presented here as an example.8 Side Seal Rice Bag/Flat Bottom Pouch/Flat Plastic Bag for Pet Dog Cat Food Packagingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24Vshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGt1544sm Tdi Engine Bnm 045253019d 733783-5008s 733783-5007s Turbodemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Pet Products 2021 Dog Belt Reversible Neophrne Harnesses for Dogs Customized Design Accessories/Pet Vest Suit), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSuspension Delivery Chinese 800W Electric Motorcycle Small Long Range Accessories Two Wheels) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.12" Professional Rcf Style Speaker Frameshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCkgled HD Indoor/Outdoor P2.6/P2.9/P3.91/P4.81 Event Rental Stage LED Display Screen.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Home/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Best Factory China Environmentally Friendly 800W CE Certification Electric Motorcycle for Adult; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Metal Tin with Steel Handle for Paint, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Tractor loader/ mini loader with four wheels for loading$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Chinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Sale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters. Moreover,Three Phase Frequency Inverter Made in China Hot Sale, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional use, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install), maintenance (6000W Single Phase Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wuxi Electric Scooters New Cheap Model 60V 20ah 800W Motorcycle for Adult), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle with Lead Battery, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Power for Home. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power System-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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