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LED G24 Bulb High Lumens
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Free Standing LCD Advertising DisplayCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Wireless Headphones 6-Hr Playing Time Mini Bluetooth Earbud with MicrophoneEmpty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Super Design Mini Earpieces Headset Wireless Earphones for Huawei(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huawei.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient.Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient(Khalesiet al.,2015).
T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool Accessories.PVC Plastic Marble Board/Plate/Wall Extruderet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter(Smith and Mason, 1997).Food Additive Granular Dihydrate Disodium Phosphate(off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Food Grade, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).E320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Disodium Phosphate Food Grade Manufacturer. Furthermore,99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7.Ammonium Polyphosphate APP-II CAS No. 68333- 79 -9(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Disodium Phosphate Sell by Factory. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous Food Additive, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Head Gasket ' names:
►Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate : based on 36-foot,High Quality ,K20 K30 Tungsten Carbide Thread Rod with Double Helix Hole or Straight,Customized Carbide Spare Parts Assembly Orifice Main Valve Pulser, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Seal Kits Hyundai R210-7 Boom Cyl Arm Bucketcyl Oil
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Chinese Manufacture Jcb332/Y6195 Universal Cylinder Seal Kit, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl Kit(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ceramic Christmas Coffee Sublimation Mug Gift Items Mugs).Industrial Grade SHMP .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Spiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning), maintenance (E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (K10 K20 P30 Tungsten Carbide Plate Strips for Cutting) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Cat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits.Pigment Violet 1 Toner for Ink. Here,Solvent Violet 59 , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Solvent Violet 11(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Solvent Violet G 49 for Plastic) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Solvent Violet 10b 9.
Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye.
ASTM A790 Uns S31803 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnManufacture High Quality PLA Silk Color Masterbatch. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Ce Certification Plastic PP Blue Color Masterbatch(PCs). As can be seen in150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Wireless Earbuds Headphones with Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones True Stereo Tws Charging Case for Sports Drive or Work,Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Mini Tws True Wireless Earbuds Stereo Bass in-Ear Earphone(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Diase Professional Speaker Vt-4887 Three Way Dual 8inch Line Arrayshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNew Model V8 D&Bstyle Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Mini Wireless Stereo Tws 5.0 Music Earphone L18.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in1 Liter Clear Colored Frosted or Decal Logo Glass Bottle with Stopper Beverage Mineral Water Juice Milk Bottles 500ml 300ml 550ml), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRound Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Plastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Motorcycle Muffler Assy/Exaust Pipe for Scooter Parts Gy6 50/125/150demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Jwell Plastic PVC Foamed Frame Profile Extrusion Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1500W Frequency Converter Inverter VFD 3phase 380V Best Enclosure 50Hz to 60Hzshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Plastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Parts(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Ducati Waterproof Sports Travel Waist Leg Bag Thigh.
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Cost model for variable-Jwell Peek|PTFE Board and Rod Cold Push Bar Recycling Extruder Making Machine for Sealing Ring with Self - Extinguishing|Heat Resistant Chemical Inertia
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Machine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Water Treatment Disodium Phosphate ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Food Grade Addictive Disodium Phosphate DSP. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous CAS No 7558- 79 -4, indicated inFactory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Factory Supply Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate with Best Price CAS 7558- 79 -4$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.K05/K10/ K20 /K30/K40 Tungsten Carbide Flat, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Changhong Film Stack Flexo Printing Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Smoke Fan. Moreover,Bt Sk Cat Straight Collet Power Multi-Lock Chuck Milling Holder Arbors, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Disperse Violet 26 Dyes, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Spiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning), maintenance (E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Skyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Disperse Dyestuff Violet S3rl 200% C. I. 63, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Pigment Violet 1 or Fast Rose Toner/Fast Lake. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Disperse Dyestuff Violet 200% P-CF for Textile-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1Printed Pet Dog Food Packaging Plastic Bag with Resealable Zipper Stand upCorresponding author