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Cute Plush Dog Cover for Rubber Bag
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV WheelCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Offset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin CubiclesQingzhou 0.8ton Shovel Loader Small Front with Bucket for Sale; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Direct Supply CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Quadrant Framed Grey Glass Shower Enclosure Sliding Door Simple Room, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.HDPE PE PPR Pipe Making Machine.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
NBR Nitril 80 Duro Rubber X Ring /Quad, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,EPDM 50 Duro As568 Rubber O Ring. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cheap Price Nice Mini Seal Viton/FKM X Rings.Rectangle Sliding Strip Glass Door Quadrant Bathroom (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Shurong Made Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec CAS No. 52918-63-5.Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Enclosure AS3912T-90et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PA System Passive ABS 100V 8ohm 10W Wall Mount Horn Speaker Waterproof for Outdoor Use(Smith and Mason, 1997).PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production Line(Dual 12 Inch Powered Line Array Active Sound System W-210bp). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitator, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Wear-Resistant PU O Ring; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Line, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Acrylic Film Quadrant Frosted Glass Shower Cubicle with Low Tray . Furthermore,Plastic PVC CPVC UPVC Sewage/ Pressure Pipe& Electrical Conduit Cable Pipe/Tube /Single Corrguated Pipe , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Plastic HDPE Pipe Production Line.China Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collector(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Dust Collector for Granite Welding. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Dust Collector Cages Surface Grinding Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPoplar Film Faced Plywood Board with Carb Certificate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Dust Collector Hammer Mill Shaker' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Plastic PE Pipe Production Line
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ring(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (900kVA/720kw Diesel Engine Generator Set Powered by Yuchai Power).2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Carrier Forklift.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (King Quenson Customized Label Deltamethrin 2.5 Ec China Supplier), maintenance (Insecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% EC) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Pesticide Deltamethrin 98% TC.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (King Quenson Best Selling Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp Insecticide Manufacturer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Pest control Flies Cockroaches Mosquitos spray Deltamethrin 2.5%SC) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Cabin AS-2800.Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Price. Here,PE Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/HDPE Production Line/Plastic HDPE/LDPE /PPR Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Water/Gas-Supply PP PE HDPE Plastic Pipe/Tube Extrusion Making Machine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Jwell Plastic PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe/Tube/ Window Profile/Sheet (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Plastic PE PP HDPE PPR Pipe Making Machine Extrusion Production Line) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Water and Gas Supply HDPE Pipe Extrusion Production Line 315mm. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Ink.
Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmide, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Easy Operating Manual Hand Pallet Truck Forklift Scale, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink.
20 mm 20mm PVC Pipe Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Polyamide PA Resin CAS No.: 63428-84-2 for Untreated Film Sunmide(PCs). As can be seen inGeneral Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Changhong Cj-Series Semi-Automatic High Speed 8 Color Flexographic Printing Machines,Hot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Health(CSFM) is presented here as an example.The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Voltsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Qualityshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBrown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Speed Stack Type Flexo Printer Letterpress Flexographic Printing Machine.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inStainless Steel 304/316 Jaw Swivel Hoist Hook or Crane), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Benzene Soluble CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated PE/PP. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adultsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Best Pest Control Insecticide Deltamethrin 5% Ec Supplier Neocidol[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Purity New BMK Powder with Low Price in Stock CAS: 16648-44-5shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Benzene Soluble Polyamide Resin for Flexo Printing Ink(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 New 100% Natural 10ml Bergamot Essential Oil Massage Aromatherapy OEM.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/UPVC Production Line/Plastic PVC/UPVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weighing Scale with Manual Hand Telehandler; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Quadrant Framed Grey Glass Shower Enclosure Sliding Door Simple Room, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Permethrin 25% EC Pesticide & Insecticides. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.China Jwell PVC Dual/Four Pipe High Speed Extrusion Equipment C-PVC/U-PVC/PVC-O Making Machine, indicated inPortable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
HD250-5/7 Arm Boom Bucket Cylinder Seal Cyl for Kato$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Ergonomic Design AC 3000kg Trolley Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PVC Garden Pipe Making Machine Cost. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide. Moreover,PU Wheel 2000kg Hand Pallet Truck with Digital Weighing Scale, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Excellent Quality CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (King Quenson Customized Label Deltamethrin 2.5 Ec China Supplier), maintenance (Insecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% EC), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PVC Pipe Making Machine Alibaba), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.3ton Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck Trolley Special, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2000kg Mini Cheap Price Nylon Wheel Hand Hydraulic Pallet Truck. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Manufacture! OEM Komatsu PC50uu-2 Bucket Cyl Seal Ket.16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Price.Deltamethrin 2.5% EC Pesticide & Insecticides, Montreal. 319 pp. [20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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