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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Factory Wholesales Painkiller Solutions Free Sample Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8 Canada Procaine PromotionCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Hot Selling 800W Brushless Motor Electric Scooter MotorcycleCe IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Male/Female DC 1000V Mc4 Solar Cable Connector; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Lady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Two Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedals, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi Panel. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.5GHz 29.5dBi Die Cast Grid Antenna(Khalesiet al.,2015).
No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.12volt Input 18watt IP68 Waterproof Underwater Application Swimming Pool LED Lightset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Sy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Doppler(Smith and Mason, 1997).5GHz 23dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna (Wholesale Plastic Square 1 Liter Fertilizer Bottle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5GHz 27dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 20kw Solar PV System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.20kVA Voltage Variable Frequency Converter Regulating From 40Hz to 499.9Hz 0-520V. Furthermore,3 pH 11kw Chinese AC Control Frequence Inverter Variable Speed Drive Power Converter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Water Proof Vet Ultrasound Scanner.Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performance(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 Series. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFuso Truck & Bus Turbo Td04 49377-03041 Me201258 for 4m40 Engine Mitsubishi Pajero(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer Supplier' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vitreous Hemorrhage (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Muslim Jewelry Turkish Style 925 Sterling Silver Islamic Fashion Men Rings for Sale).500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle ), maintenance (Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter.Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle. Here,ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W.
150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric.
800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W(PCs). As can be seen inWireless PA System for Classroom and Church, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner,Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Proxima Entertainment S-320 Speakerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.No Flicker Glare High Purity RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Edison Chipshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square Candemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 New RGB Changeable LED Neon Sign), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Melamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywooddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to Indiashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in150ml Plastic Bottle with Twin Necks.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)860MHz Two Way Amplifier . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi. Moreover,5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle ), maintenance (Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.24 Channels Fixed Modulator, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Excellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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