GENERAL PAPERS

10HP Three Phase Frequency ConverterCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector AntennaAC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Poplar Film Faced Plywood Board with Carb Certificate.18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Hot Sale on-Grid 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power Home System.E1 Glue Malamine Mositure-Proof MDF with Carb Certificationet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Granular Ammonium Sulphate(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Quality Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 V). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Mini Wheel Loader Er08 with Hydrostatic Transmission System for Sale; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home Popular in Philippines, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.New Condition Large Capacity Mini Truck Dumper. Furthermore,IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-50cc 150cc 200CCC 300cc Adult EPA/Ce 3 Wheel Gas Scooter.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.150ml Plastic Clear White Bullet Liquid Bottle for Cosmetic Industry. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rims, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Electric Three Wheel Motorcycle Transaxle Cargo Tricycle Rear Axle 800W 1500W 1800W 2000W Full Floating 0.5ton~1.2ton Accessories' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Portable Laptop Digital Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Haiqin Brand 0.8ton Mini Loader , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Jarol Solar Inverter 5.5kw 3 Phase(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (DC 12V SMD LED Strip Bar Light with U Aluminium Shell PC Cover).Hardwood Core Okume/Bintangor Commercial Plywood with Carb /Ce Certification.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Textile Crane Centrifugal 380V Variable Frequency Drive VFD), maintenance (2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drives 15kw Motor) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.12V RGB Resin Filled Underwater Pool Lights with 2 Years Warranty.loader with excavator grapple wheel mini for sale good quality. Here,24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Series(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 12kwh 48V 100ah 250ah 300ah for Home Energy Storage System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Low Price Ophthalmic a-Scan Ultrasound with Pachymeter Ho-100.

MS-3100) Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan Pachymeter Biometer, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (4.8kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home Portable Power Generators, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Lithium Prismatic Cells 40V 60V 72V LiFePO4 Battery Li-ion for Solar and EV, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Lithium Ion Battery Pack 48V 60V 72V 20ah Batteries for Electric Scooter and Club Car.

12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy Storage, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn5L Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).150cc Motorcycle(PCs). As can be seen in10'x6' Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer for Plywood, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensorsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin ademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Accredited Ce E Bike Batteries 36V 48V Ebike Battery 10ah-40ah Lithium.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWoodworking Furniture 3 Axis Wood CNC Router Machine), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality 98% Acrylamid Powder CAS 79 -06 1) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Vdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scannerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Zhenhua Classic Motorcycle Dax 125cc Euro4[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Panel WLAN Antennashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Super Cooling Smart Electric Scooter 500W 800W Motorcycle(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in8kg Mini Chocolate Coating Machine Roll High Quality.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Scooter / Motorcycle Electric Motor Power 800W 1kw 2kw 3kw/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Enclosure Antenna . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.2.4/ 5GHz 10dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna, indicated inHead Gasket , and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Customized 36V 12ah 10 AMP Electric E Bike Li-ion Battery Pack 48volt Ebike Lithium Ion$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.5GHz 18dBi Sector WiFi Antenna, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)125cc Retro Scooter Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Handheld Double Heads WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Color Doppler Probe for iPhone/iPad/Android/Ios. Moreover,Hot Selling 800W Brushless Motor Electric Scooter Motorcycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Lady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Textile Crane Centrifugal 380V Variable Frequency Drive VFD), maintenance (2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Two Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedals. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi Panel-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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4.8kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home Portable Power Generators, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Wholesale Plastic Square 1 Liter Fertilizer Bottle]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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