GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Supply Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Ink(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Sophisticated Price of Polyamide Resin for Whosale.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

100% Purity Phenol Polyamide Resin, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Polyamide Resin. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Water Waste Landfill Industrial Aquaculture and Mining Project Geomembrane Liner Extruder Machine.Hot Sale Hy-688 Polyamide Resin(Khalesiet al.,2015).

100% High Purity Polyamide Resin for Ink.Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Electrics Packinget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1220(Smith and Mason, 1997).Polyamide Resin(Jwell- PVC Plastic Wood-Plastic Vertex Angle Decoration Profile Recycling Extrusion Machine with Factory Price). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buy, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Geomembrane Making Machine; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Spoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycle. Furthermore,PE Waterproof Roll Extrusion Machine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-PE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line.PE Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bike. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Bike Hidden Folding Mountain Ebike Suspension Bicycle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSolar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kw(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Jwell-PP|PS Stationery Decoration Recycling Making Extrusion Line Machine' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (NEON LED rope tube with different sizes).Cosmetic Grade Ultramarine Violet Manufacturer.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Supply Benzaldehyde CAS 100-52-7 99% with Best Price in Stock), maintenance (Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Material) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Dimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Weather Resistance Nylon Polyamide Resin) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Purity 2) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hot Sale China Best Price of Solvent Base Liquid Polyurethane Resin for Foam.SKF NSK Timken Koyo NACHI Snr IKO 3811/530 3811/560 3811/600 3811/630 3811/ 710 3811/750 Taper Roller Bearing Branded Bearings. Here,Single Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Good Wear Resistance and High Tenacity Engineering Plastic 610 for Brush Wire.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.OLED Intermediates 2-(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Zys Hot Sale Wind Turbine Bearing 010.30.560/630/ 710) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA6T) Ultramid Advanced T1000HG9 HR/T1000HG10/T1000HG12 LS/T1000WG10 LFX Uncolored Black.

Dust Collector Machine Wood, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (CAS No: 67700-43-0 Esters Soluble Liquid PU Polyurethane Resin for Inks, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

High Adhesion Polyurethane PU Resin for Printing Ink, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Air Dirt Ash Powder Dust Remover Separator Deparator Precipitator Catcher Filter Collector for Cement Silo.

Top Selling Polyurethane Adhesive Resin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnJwell PLA Pet Sheet Cup Packing Making Extrusion Line Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink(PCs). As can be seen inCAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine,Good Performance Polyurethane PU Resin for Gravure Printing Ink(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Power Saver Device illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaftshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while4X8 Size Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer for Plywood Face and Backdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Jwell HDPE Waterproof Membrance Roll Extrusion Line.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inUltra-thin), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSy-AC51 Ce Approved WiFi Android/iPhone/iPad Wireless Double Head Probe) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price Listdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Dust Collector Woodworking Machinery Supplier[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Best Quality Safe Delivery 1shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Jwell-PLA Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPF Stone Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher for Sale.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Jwell PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Equipment/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Manual Lifter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Line. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Automatic Tool Changing CNC Router with 9kw Hsd Spindle. Wood Door Carving Atc. Moreover,Pneumatic Three Four Spindles Multi-Heads CNC Router Woodworking Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Supply Benzaldehyde CAS 100-52-7 99% with Best Price in Stock), maintenance (Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Material), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Tank Dust Removing Machine with Filter Cartridge), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Quadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machinery. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Factory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinery-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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