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Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Wine Tumbler with Lid 12 Oz
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/RectifierCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant ExtractsDisodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Longyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch.Pipe Bevelling Machine (Khalesiet al.,2015).
ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder.Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Gradeet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Ce IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Male/Female DC 1000V Mc4 Solar Cable Connector(Smith and Mason, 1997).Green Color HDPE Masterbatch(Lashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Blue Masterbatch for Film, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Yellow HDPE Masterbatch, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit. Furthermore,Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinders.Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in1800W 103dB Bass Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch with Wa21820(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits' names:
►Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine: based on 36-foot,T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine ,Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence,Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Plastic Green Color Masterbatch, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (New Pattern Sofa Material Fabric).3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System), maintenance (High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Master Batch Organic Colors.Orange Color Masterbatch. Here,Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4.
ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality.
Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnBest Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery(PCs). As can be seen inDsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139(CSFM) is presented here as an example.New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Setillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Jwell-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Clothing Packing with High Efficientshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMorel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditionerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in6 Gang UK Plug Socket 16A Power Extension), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSupprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxes) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150sn902(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBiodegradable Poly Mailer Compostable Mailing Courier Packaging Shipping Bags with Logo Custom Printed for Clothing.
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Cost model for variable-Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Nylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame. Moreover,Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System), maintenance (High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Transparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Kim, G.H., An, S.H., and Kang, K.I. 2004.PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China, neural networks, and case-based reasoning.Building and Environment,vol. 39, no. 10. pp. 1235-1242. [Sector Antenna 5GHz]
Lashgari, A.Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection, A.R. 2013.Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4,Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Unique Aroma Popular Concentrated Perfume Crystal Women Fragrance Oils]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145, Montreal. 265 pp. [Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules.PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145, Montreal. 319 pp. [High Frequency Induction Heater ]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure ]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod.Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [King Quenson Customized Label Deltamethrin 2.5 Ec China Supplier]
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High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater]
High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Surgical Doctor Nurse Patient Face Mask]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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