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Christmas Decoration Soft Plush Stuffed Santa Claus Doll Gift Toy
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
10 Inch 2 Ways Self-Powered Active Column Speaker Box Line Array SystemCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor SpeakerNatural Oak/Walnut/Cherry/Maple Veneer Commercial Plywood/Fancy Plywood for Furniture; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder(Khalesiet al.,2015).
V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker.Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Subet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Karaoke Speaker System Chinese KTV High Output Compact Box(Smith and Mason, 1997).Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee(Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array. Furthermore,49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel.High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in220VDC to 220VAC Variable Frequency Inverter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),10 Inch KTV System Woofer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Bogie Suspension 40feet Flatbed Semi-Trailer).Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container), maintenance (10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging. Here,Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub.
Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1-Bromo-3, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Low Price 4, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost.
Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag(PCs). As can be seen in12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adultshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Meat Pie Burger Processing Machine Tenderizer for Restaurant), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBuy Real Pharmaceutical Intermediates BMK Glycidate Powder 16648-44-5) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Cost Qualified Effect Antistatic Plastic Blue Color Masterbatches for Electronic Componentsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Pneumtic Forklift Tyre/Industrial Tyre/NHS Tyre shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHome Textiles Cotton Linen Blended Upholstery Decorative Sofa Fabric.
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Cost model for variable-Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD, indicated in2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2. Moreover,CAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Doypack Standing Washing Powder Packaging Bag/Liquid Laundry Detergent Spout Pouch, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container), maintenance (10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,200X5000mm Vacuum Sealer Bag Roll for Food Packaging), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Design Logo Food Grade Colourful Printing Sealed Stand up Scented Tea Packaging Bag, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Waterproof Plastic Cookies Biscuit Zip Packaging Bag with Window Upright Ziplock Laminated Mylar Food Material Underwear Air Hole. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Pet/PE/CPP Ziplock Plastic Clear Nut Package Dry Food Grade Bags-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.PA 10 -25W 4 Inch Sound Ceiling Speaker.Runtz Packaging Mylar Ziplock Food Grade Plastic Zip Lock Bags Stand up Pouch Pet Custom Logo Bag.Aluminum Foil Plastic Papacking Vacuum Puffed Food Bag, Montreal. 265 pp. [Single Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing ]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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