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Amusement Toy Educational Outdoor Playground Equipment
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable BatteryCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for AgricultureWhite Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Super Quality and Best Price Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N21%.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Water Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator Set, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Sets. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate.China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality(Khalesiet al.,2015).
White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizer.Deisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylinderet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Modern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofa(Smith and Mason, 1997).in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set(Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Box). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensets, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set. Furthermore,Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke Used for Cylinder Generator Set, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator Set.Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAlone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min' names:
►Nitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granular: based on 36-foot,Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate,Agriculture Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate,Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizer, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Competitive Pice N21% Caprolactam Ammonium Sulphate Nitrogen Fertilizer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 Hot sell portable stainess high quality electronic cigarette).Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power Generator.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set ), maintenance (Color Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,in Line Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator with Good Quality.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Color Custom Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set.Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Electric Power Generator Set. Here,Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Generator Set, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Diesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-Cylinder(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage Display) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Chinese Brand New 258kw/1500rpm 12 Cylinder 4 Stroke Marine Diesel Engine . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines.
43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (49 Inch Portable Alone Standing LED LCD Poster Digital Menu Board, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Alone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage.
Mineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).55 Optional Inch Outdoor Stand Double-Side Alone Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display(PCs). As can be seen inDexketoprofen Trometamol Manufacturer CAS 156604- 79 -4 with Purity 99%, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Booth,Sinopec Brand Chemical Fertilizer N21% with White Color(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furnitureshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouchdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,White Ammonium Sulphate NPK Fertilizer.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAutomatic Small Carton Box Waybill Gluing Machine Edge Banding for Salemadicine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Capro Grade Crystal . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Custom Aluminum Foil Laminated Bag with Zippershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Powder Caprolactam Grade Chemical Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inIP68 Cc2 Standalone Access Control with Keypad.
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Cost model for variable-N21% Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].White Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Best Price Agriculture Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.White Powder, indicated inGreen Color HDPE Masterbatch, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Crystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural Fertilizer$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Ammonium Sulphate, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Nitrogen Fertilizer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Steel Grade. Moreover,Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Granular CAS No. 7783-20-2 N21% Ammonium Sulphate, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Blue Star 21%, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set ), maintenance (Color Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Urea Fertilizer/ Ammonium Sulfate with Steel Grade), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Agriculture Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam 25kg Package, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,High Quality Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate 95%. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.L18 /8693 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 1200W New Product China Supplier-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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