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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Speaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Skycron® Disperse Violet 63/RL 200% Color Dye For ClothesMars Solar 5kw on Grid Home Power System 5000W 5kVA 5000 Watts Energy Systems 10kw Tied; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pigment Violet 23 Liquid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Indissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4.Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Boring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Set.Straight Shank Collets C16 C20 C25 C32 Collet Chuck for Power Millinget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machine(Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Sdc Shrink Collet Chuck Toolholders for CNC Machine Part, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Nickel Based Alloy W. Nr 2.4819 Hastelloy C276 Uns N10276 High Temperature Steel Round Flat Bar. Furthermore,UNS NO2200 Nickel Plate, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Machine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Machine Tools High Precision 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 30kw(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts' names:
►Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle: based on 36-foot,Bathtubs Supplier Freestanding White Bathtub Stand Alone Malaysia Canada,Vat Violet 13,Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Solvent Violet 9
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Yishan 320HP hydraulic track type bulldozer TY320C with u-blade).Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub), maintenance (Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,HDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Uns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plate) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Alloy C276 Hastelloy Nickel Pipe ASTM B622 ASME Sb622 Uns N10276..Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip . Here,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 148pn306, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Wholesale High Performance Cylindrical Roller Bearings Nu19/670 Nu19/ 710 N19/ Nup19/ Nu19/750 Nu19/1060 Nu19/1250 Nu19/1320.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Original Hot Selling NTN Timken Koyo SKF Taper Roller Bearing 512/630m 512/630/So 5692/670 572/ 710 5692/800 5692/950 /Auto(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Perkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Zys Rolling Mill Bearing Four Row Taper Roller Bearings 3810/ 710. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Virgin PA12 Resin GF20 GF30 Pellets.
PA410 Resin Q-Hgm24 10 -20% Glass Mineral Filled Heat Stabilized, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Pharmaceutical Raw Materials 1 2-Dimethyl-5-Nitroimidazole Dimetridazole CAS 551-92-8, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Trimethyl Cis, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Fast Delivery High Purity Benzaldehyde 100-52-7.
Perkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnSwimming SPA Pool Hot Tub Combo. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Zhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs(PCs). As can be seen inBlack Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Perkins Genuine Cyl Head Assy ,Promotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmar(CSFM) is presented here as an example.10 -50W 6.5 Inch PA Sound Ceiling Speakerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Cishows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePeq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwooferdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in4-20mA 0~5VDC Pressure Sensor Transmitter RS485 Price), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Jwell PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extrusion Machine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Waterproof IP66 Adjustable High Power LED Stadium Lamp 100W 200W 300W 400W 600W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W Flood Lightdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Jwell PE 8000mm Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Membrance Roll Sheet Extrusion Line Making Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Yellow HDPE Masterbatchshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLatest Popularl Luxurious Wedding Dress Prom Dresses Uw4047A.
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Cost model for variable-Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine Line; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pigment Violet 23 Liquid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine, indicated inWhite Crystal or Powder Xylazine Xylazin CAS 7361-61-7 for Animal, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8867n Multicolor Metal Effect$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M F, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blue. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Powerful Cheap Mountain Bike Bicycle. Moreover,Cylindrical Roller Bearing N19/ 710 Nu19/ Nup19/ Apply for Large and Medium-Sized Electric Motor, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Polyamide Resin Hot Melt Adhesive, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub), maintenance (Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Polyamide Resin), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Co-Soluble Polyamide Resin with Top Quality, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Alcohol Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Popular Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Gravure Ink-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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